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1、非谓语动词（三）不定式（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”。 1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：1）It is good to help each other.2）To help each other is good.3）I dont think i
2、t right to do it that way. 4）You are old enough to take care of yourself now.5）My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 6）She wishes to be a musician.；7）I am determined to give up smoking.；8）Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 9）Tell the children not to play on the street.
3、10）Every morning he gets up very early to read English.11）We hurried to the classroom only to find none there . 注意：1. A 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。 B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise,
4、 show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain1)He taught us how to use the tool.2)No one could tell me where to get the book.2. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to ,have, make, let, feel , observe ,notice, 等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. 变被动时要加t
5、o,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。 3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。 We
6、 hurried to the station only to find the train had left . 5、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth. 如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, im
7、polite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.6、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.7、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.8.不定式的完成时的特殊用法。 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
8、The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。 此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍
9、等。（说话时还未等） Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久） 8. 不定式的省略同一结构并列由and或or连接。 I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比) 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。 What he did
10、was lose the game. 句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。 Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。 Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如： He could not but walk home. 9.不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承
11、前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to. 但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如： -Susan is not what she used to be. You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 【基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时，大多数情况下要
12、带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。1.不定式做主语。不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. (P.25, Senior Book3)How long will it take you to complete the trip? (P.9, Senior Book2B)2.不定式做宾语。I have decided to take a lot of
13、cabbage in vinegar. (P.7, Senior Book3)Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. （P.20, Senior Book3）不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。The dusty air makes it difficu
14、lt to get a clear picture of space. (P.10, Senior Book2B)以上句子中，it为形式宾语；difficult为宾语补足语；不定式短语to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。3.不定式做表语It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. (P. 22, Senior Book3)A better method i
15、s to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. (P.32. Senior Book3)4.不定式做定语but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book3)Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. (P.22, Senior Book3)5.不定式做状语Third, a lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants. (P. 20, Senior Book3)本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. )P.20, Senior Boo9k3)to increase the food supply in the wor
