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1、2022年高中英语选修十教案：unit3 语法段落是文章的基本单位。一篇文章可以是一段，也可以写成若干个段落。段落写作的好坏会直接影响文章意义的表达和思想的交流。一、段落写作的3+3原则1. 构成段落的三个部分：主题句、扩展句、结论句主题句概括段落的中心思想，是段落发展的依据。扩展句支持主题句，通过给出一些例子、原因、事实、统计数字或引文等，对主题句进行解析说明，这是段落的主体部分。结论句也叫总结句，通常是段落的最后一句，与主题句相呼应。2. 衡量段落的三个标准：完整性、统一性、连贯性完整性要求运用具体的事实细节深入说明主题，使段落内容完整充实。统一性要求段落中所有的论证细节都集中表达一个中心
2、思想。连续性指段落中的每个句子在逻辑上和结构上相连贯，使整个段落达到合乎逻辑的平衡发展。二、写好主题句主题句反映段落的中心思想，它常常位于段首或段末，有时也可置于段中。三、段落的连贯段落的连续性要求文章段落中各句要前后衔接，条理清楚，使读者易于理解。获得段落连续性的方法有两种：按逻辑顺序组织内容和使用连接手段。1. 逻辑顺序的连贯：英语的段落甚至整篇文章的内容按六种逻辑顺序排列，分别为时间、空间、递升、递降、演绎和归纳。如：Every morning my nephew and I took a walk in the neighboring hills where we could enjo
3、y the fresh air and sweet songs of the birds. In the afternoon, I mostly spent my time reading or writing, for I was shut in the house by the terrible heat. The evening was the only time we could go to swim together. I improved swimming during those two weeks and through physical exercise I became s
4、tronger. (按时间顺序)Give students a chance to grow. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid schedules. Experience cannot be taught; it must e slowly through person search. (按归纳法次序)2. 常见
5、的几种连接手段：1）利用代词指代前面的名词，起到承上启下的作用；2）利用关键词或短语的重复以达到衔接；3）利用过渡连接词来显现文章内容组织的逻辑性。As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. We need friends to share our joy and sorrow; we consult with friends if there are problems we cannot handle alone; we go to friends for help when we are in trouble; and we
6、sometimes confide in our friends what secret we are reluctant to reveal to our family. In a sense, friends are often more important to us than relatives.上面段落使用了上述三种连接手段：1）使用代词one; 2）重复关键词语friends，we; 3）使用过渡连接词in a sense和and; 几个句子通过分号连接，流畅自然地支持了我们不能没有朋友这一主题。四、段落的发展在主题句确定了以后，下一步就是运用扩展句展开主题。常用的段落发展方法有：
7、列举法、举例法、因果法、比较对照法、分类法、综合法等。1. 列举法：是指先提出论点，然后列举出一系列论据进行陈述或解析的方法。列举法常用的过渡连接词语有：first, second, also, finally, one, another, still another, for one thing for another, to begin with, on one hand on the other hand等。Music es in many forms: most countries have a style of their own. Poland has its Polkas. Hu
8、ngary has its czardas. Brail is famous for the boss nova. The U.S. is known for jazz, a pletely original type of music that has gained world-wide popularity.2. 举例法：通过具体的事例扩展段落，阐述主题句中的主导思想。常用的过渡连接词有：to illustrate, for example/instance, in particular, such as, like, furthermore, also, besides, in addi
9、tion to等。Americans value manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build small boats in their leisure time. Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture. Still others enjoy gardening or painting. They make these things
10、and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some people are really very handy.3. 因果法: 因果法根据事物发生的原因推理其结果，或根据结果分析原因。表示结果的常用过渡词有：therefore, as a result, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, lead to等；表示原因的过渡词有：due to, because of, owing to, since, as, result from, on account of等。如：It is diff
11、icult for workers to find employment this year. One reason is that industries are reducing their current staff levels because of a decline in national economic condition. Another reason is that workers who once might have considered early retirement are not staying at their jobs. Finally, other work
12、ers who used to view their jobs as optional now must keep their positions in order to meet their minimum financial responsibilities.4. 比较对照法: 通过比较两个或一个事物的两个方面的相似点或不同点来支持主题句。常用的过渡词中比较相同点的有：like, same, in the same way, similar to, similarly, both and, in mon 等；对照不同点的有：however, although, but unlike, di
13、ffer from, be different from, on the other hand, in contrast, whereas等。如：People, when you first meet them, dont look particularly amazing and you really have no desire to spend a long time chatting with them. However, as time passes and you have had a lot of contact with him you can see him as more
14、and more lively, a good, kind-hearted person. So your first impressions are often not reliable. This proves exactly the phrase:“Never judge a book by its cover.”5. 分类法: 通过对所叙述的事物进行分门别类来展开段落。常用的词语有：to divide into, to classify into, according to, in terms of, on the basis of, kinds, types, sorts, grou
15、ps, categories等。A group of people with the same color of skin, shape of head and type of hair is called a race. Scientists divided the people of the world into five different races. Most people belong to the three main ones, which are the white skinned, the black skinned and the yellow skinned races
16、. The two smaller ones are the Australian Aborigines and the Bushmen of Southern Africa.6. 定义法: 通过阐明事物的性质和特征来发展段落，常用于说明文、描写文和议论文。 常用的词语有：to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of, the term, to mean, to be等。如：Ambition means the goal in our life. To have ones ambition does not necessarily mean to bee one of the chief state leaders. This is not the real sense of the word. True ambition encourages us always to look forw
