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1、第10课时非谓语动词非谓语动词就是指不能作谓语的动词形式。2015年中考主要考查非谓语动词在句子中的作用:宾语补足语(find sb doing等)以及考查非谓语动词的运用(如不定式的功能its+adj.+for/of sb to do sth)和固定用法(如practice doing, spend.doing等)。预计2016年对非谓语动词的考查将继续体现非谓语动词在句中的作用以及具体句型和动词中的运用。在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。在句中可起名词、形容词、副词的作用, 在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语或状语, 即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 可
2、以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词。(一)动词不定式:构成:(to)+do, 具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。如:1. 不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)肯定式:(to)+write否定式:not+(to)write(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, 如:Im glad to meet you. 我很高兴遇见你。He seems to know a lot. 他似乎知道很多。(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生, 如:The boy pretended to b
3、e working hard.这男孩假装正在努力学习。(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前, 如:I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔撒谎了。2. 不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分钟内完成工作很难。动词不定式短语作主语时, 可用it作形式主语, 把真正的主语放在句子末尾。如:It means failure to lose your heart.失去信心, 意味着失败。it作形式主语的常用句式有:1. It+be+名词+to do。2. I
4、t takes sb+some time+to do。3. It+be+形容词+of sb+to do。4. It+be+形容词+for sb+to do。该句型中常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词作表语, 不定式前可用介词短语for sb作为不定式的逻辑主语。(2)作表语:He appears to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了。(3)作宾语:用不定式作宾语的动词常见的有:want, hope, wish,
5、offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer。如果不定式后面有宾语补足语, 则用it作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语(不定式)后置, 即放在宾语补足语的后面。如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思发现研究俄国的情况很重要。动词不定式也可用作介词宾语。如:I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择, 只能在这里等。不定式与疑问词连用构成不定式短语, 在句中作宾语、状语等
6、。如:He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他就如何学英语给了我们一些建议。(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中, 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语, 如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。此外, 介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用, 如:With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to t
7、he cinema.有太多事要做, 他没去看电影。有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用, 但改为被动语态时, 不定式要加to, 如:I saw him cross the road. 我看见他过马路。He was seen to cross the road.他被人看见过马路。案例(2015北京291分)My parents always tell me more vegetables and fruit.A. eatB. eatingC. eatsD. to eat【解析】本题考查不定式作宾语补足语的用法。“tel
8、l sb to do sth(叫某人做某事)”是固定句型。【答案】 D(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语时, 通常后置, 与所修饰的名词有如下关系:A. 动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有会要参加。注意:不定式为不及物动词时, 所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等, 应有必要的介词。如:What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它的?如果不定式修饰time, place, way, 可以省略介词。如:He has no place to live. 他没地方住。如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作承受者, 不定式可用主动式也可用被动式。如:Hav
9、e you got anything to send?你有什么要发送的吗?B. 说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work.我们有了一个完成这项工作的计划。C. 被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑主语:He is the first to get here.他是第一个去那儿的。(6) 作状语:A. 表目的:He worked day and night to get the money.他日夜工作为了赚钱。注意不定式放句首时, 逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:To save money, he has tried every means.B. 表结果:H
10、e arrived late to find the train gone.他迟到了, 发现火车开走了。常用only放在不定式前表示强调:I visited him only to find him out.我拜访他就是为了找到他。C. 表原因:They were very sad to hear the news.听到这消息他们很悲伤。D. 表程度:Its too dark for us to see anything.太黑了我们看不见。(7)作独立成分:To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.说实话, 我不喜欢他说话的方式。
11、(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.如你不想做, 就没必要做。(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。如:He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.他想学医当医生。案例(2015广东43)In order for the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning.A. not to be lateB. not being lateC. to be lateD.
12、being late【解析】本题考查不定式的用法。在in order的后面跟动词不定式表示目的;此处表达的句意是“为了开会不迟到, 我姐姐强迫自己今天早上早点起床。”【答案】 A(二)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征, 又具有名词的句法功能。1. 动名词的形式:否定式:not+动名词(1)一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)被动式:He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成式:We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:
13、He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带去过广州。(5)否定式:not+动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词。如:He suggested us trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。2. 动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:Reading aloud is very helpful.大声朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。如:Its
14、no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国, 蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。动名词作宾语补足语时, 常用it作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语放在后面。如:We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。跟动名词作宾语的动词常见的有:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse, del
15、ay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认), deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set bout, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like (4)作定语:Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗?(5)作同位语:The cave, his
