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1、The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The industrial revolution A period in the late 18th and early 19th ce
2、nturies when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The Industrial Revolution, was a period of unprecedented technological, economic and social change that completely transformed Briti
3、sh culture from a largely rural, static society with limited production and division of labour into the worlds first modern industrial society. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sp
4、aring no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.The Black Death-It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It
5、 is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started in Central Asia. It came without warning, and without any cue.The Black Death is estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europes population and had profound effects on the course of
6、 European history. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large n
7、umbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms. In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.)Roman Britain was
8、 the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that
9、is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain were the forces of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, but the first significant conquest did not begin until AD 43, under Claudius.House of commonsI.House of CommonsCompositions: The House of Commons: The House of Commons is th
10、e real center of British p(651 in num.) from England (524), Wales(38), Scotland(72) and N Ireland(17)Functions: a, law passage b, authorizing taxation and public expenditure c, examining government action d. debateFeatures: a. electoral system (general election) b. general election by secret ballot
11、c. party member elected to form a majority party d. PM out of the majority, cabinet and shadow cabinetolitical life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the
12、interests of the people who vote for them.Manifest destiny Manifest Destiny , which conveyed the idea that the rightful destiny of the United States was included to make an empire.Manifest Destiny: a. inevitability of the founding of USA b. legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory c. spread
13、 of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lords work Containment policy Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlar
14、ge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China,Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback.Containment(1946); “ a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed
15、by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (death strip) that contained anti-vehicle tr
16、enches and other defences.The Cold War (19471991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (19391945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants military force never officially
