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1、CatalogueChapter 1 2Chapter 2 5Chapter 3 6Chapter 4 8Chapter 5 9Chapter 6 11Chapter 7 12Chapter 8 15Chapter 9 16Chapter 11Culture ：Anthropological（人类学）：It consists of patterns, explicit（含蓄的）and implicit（明晰的）， of and for behavior acquired and transmitted （传承的）by symbols, constituting （组成）the distinct
2、ive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifact（s 工艺品）; the essential core （核心）of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached （关 联的） values.” Psychological （心理学）：Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one
3、category of people from another. Sociological （社会学）：Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior.Culture pervades（遍及）all these areas : arts and artifacts, beliefs, b
4、ehaviors, ceremonies, concept of self, customs, ideas and thought patterns, ideals, knowledge, laws, language, manners, morals, myths and lege nds, religi on, rituals（仪式），social in stituti ons（社会机构）,tools, and values. Culture is the total sum of human society and its meanings. Intercultural （知性）：Cul
5、ture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. Summary : We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experienee, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles,
6、spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.2Visible Culture： According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement re
7、garded collectively”.3Invisible Culture:4 . The nature of Culture（文化属性）：a）Culture is like an iceberg.（参见 9,10）b）Culture is our software.c）Culture is like the water a fish swims in：The fish takes the water for granted because it is totally surrounded by the water that it really cannot imagine another
8、 environment. The same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.d）Culture is the grammar of our behavior: In order to behave appropriately（合适地）in any society, people need to know the culture. It inc
9、ludes all the rules that make actions meaningful to the people around them.5Characteristic of Culture ：a）Culture is learned（习得的）：We learn our culture: through proverbs（谚语）from folklore（民间故事）through artm ass media （大众传媒）.b）Culture is dynamic（动态的）:Four major aspects account for the change of cultures:
10、tech no logical inven ti on disaster: in clude n atural and huma n calamities（灾难） culturecon tact（文化接触）en viro nment factors（环境因素）.c）Culture is pervasive（普遍的）：Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates（渗透）into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we
11、 behave.d）Culture is integrated（综合的）：Culture functions as（起到作用）an integrated whole and it is systemic. You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.e）Culture is adaptive（具有适应性的）：History abounds（富于）with examples of how cultures have changed because of laws, natural disasters, wars
12、, or other calamities.6 . Cultural ldentity（文化身份）：Cultural identity refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic（种族的；民族的）group.7. Formation of Cultural ldentitya）Un exami ned Cultural Ide ntity （文化身份不确定阶段）:take for gran ted;little in terest;lack an awareness of.b）Cultural Iden
13、tity Search（找寻文化身份阶段）：c）Cultural Ide ntity Achieveme nt（习得文化身份阶段）：8 . Subculture（亚文化）： It refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture（主流文化），and is often based oneconomic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. Subcultures refer to differe nt social com mun ities that shar
14、e race, or eth nic backgro und, orprofession, or gender, or age, or sexual preference. A subculture resembles（类似，像）a culture in that it usually en compasses （包含）a relativelylarge nu mber of people and represe nts（代表）the accumulati on（积累）of gen erati ons of human striving. However, subcultures have s
15、ome important differences: they exist within dominant cultures （主流文化）and are often based on econo mic or social class, eth ni city, race, or geographic region.9 . Co-culture（共文化）：No one culture is superior to other co-exiting cultures. It refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communicati
16、on characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.10 . Subgroup（亚群体）：It does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in th
