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1、Introduction to 21st-Century PsychotherapiesWedding & CorsiniMusic Therapy Techniques III. Evolution of This Science and Professiona. Entire schools of psychotherapy have undergone dramatic change, some more rapidly than others and some have virtually disappeared.b. Contemporary psychotherapies have
2、 their roots in previous schools of psychotherapy.c. Scientific and cultural perspectives on behavior and cognition continue to transform schools of psychotherapy.II. Historical Foundations of Psychotherapya. Humans have always sought out remedies for mental disorders originally through religious ce
3、remonies (exorcisms, shaman rituals, etc.), meditation, simple rest, and religio-philosophical lectures. These unscientific approaches were not completely ineffective.b. Hippocrates and Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was the source of depression, delirium, and madness. They negated t
4、he notion that seizures were divine or that a spirit or deity needed to be appeased to rid an individual of their symptoms.c. Psychotherapy in its modern sense didnt emerge until the 18th century.III. The Unconsciousa. The unconscious plays a salient role throughout this textbook. b. The scientific
5、study of the unconscious is commonly thought to have started with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). He studied the subliminal perceptions in our daily life and coined the term dynamic to mean the forces operative in unconscious mentation.c. Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) continued to stud
6、y the unconscious. He described the passage of memories from the conscious to the unconscious. He discussed how tacit ideas struggle with each other for access to consciousness as dissonant ideas repel and depress one another. Associated ideas help draw each other into consciousness/unconsciousness.
7、d. Mesmer (1734-1815) and Schopenhauer (1788-1860)i. Most influential thinkers in the early 19th century. Their ideas were at the root of many psychotherapy systems that would be developed (Janet, Freud, Adler, and Jung). ii. Schopenhauers ideas were very similar to Freuds system of psychotherapy.ii
8、i. Mesmer is regarded as the pioneer of hypnotherapy and discredited the exorcist traditions. The principle that rapport between therapist and patient is important in therapy can be traced back to Mesmer. He also pointed to the following: the unconscious shaping our behavior (both client and therapi
9、st), influence of the personal qualities of the therapist on the patients treatment, spontaneous remission of disorders, hypnotic somnambulism, inferential function of memories of which we have no conscious awareness, the importance of patients confidence in treatment procedures, and other common fa
10、ctors in therapy today.iv. Three Streams of Investigation into how the mind works emerged in the 19th century from which many psychotherapies spun off:1. Systematic, lab-bench empiricists2. Philosophers of nature3. Clinician-researchersIV. Psychotherapy Related Science in the 19th Centurya. The Natu
11、ral Science Empiricistsi. Gustav T. Fechner (1801-1887) and Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) conducted research in the area of cognitive science in the 19th century.ii. Fechner investigated the distinction between waking and sleeping states, especially the dream state. He also attempted to measure t
12、he intensity of psychic stimulation needed for ideas to cross the threshold from the unconscious to full awareness what is referred to today as working memory. These findings resonate through Freuds writings as well as Gestaltist and Ericksonian schools of psychotherapy.iii. Helmholtz discovered the
13、 phenomenon of unconscious interference a kind of instantaneous and unconscious reconstruction of what our past taught us about an object.iv. This lab-based approach in large part encompassed what became known as the organicist tradition. Freuds mentor were organicists.v. After 50 years of researchi
14、ng with a lab-based approach, Emil Kraepelin admitted defeat on finding cures for psychiatric disorders at the beginning of the 20th century and instead began to meticulously classify psychiatric disorders. This generated the paradigm for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual we use today.b. The Psy
15、chologist Philosophers Philosophers of Naturei. This stream of investigation had a much longer term effect on development of psychotherapies than lab-based approaches did.ii. These were Romantics in the philosophical sense. “Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic,
16、 literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,1 the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature.2 It was embodied most strongly in the visu
