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1、-四级语法一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：1主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进展was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虚拟语气完成进展had been doinghave/has been doing/2被动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shal
2、l be givenshould/would be given进展was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成进展/v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；现在/过去完成进展时。v 时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时 所有的过去用一般现在时表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一非谓语动词一不定式：一不定式的常考形式：1) 一般形式：He decide
3、d to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式：He pretended notto have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二不定式常考的考点：1不定式做定语-将要发生2不定式做状语-目的3不定式充当名词功能-To
4、see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进展性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。强调我见他正干活这个动作v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The
5、cake tastes good; It feels fortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要复原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， off
6、er，decide，agree，e*pect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; lo
7、ok forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging
8、.二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否认直接在其前加否认词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.
9、I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure callingKey：C your calling 也对I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; e
10、scape; e*cuse; e*plain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardl
11、y any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered post
12、ing/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overe your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not all
13、ow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购置力。prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. 所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。I prefer waiting here.我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。I prefer swimming to cycling. 这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。3 分词：现在分词主动进展,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to t
14、he dean主任 (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进展形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合构造，非谓语动词所修饰
15、的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格构造中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二：虚拟三：虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)另外两个类情态词的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have tov 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态不含时间只含状态本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进展、完成、完成进展。这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该而现在却还没有本来可以，本来能I should go!( but Im sti
