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1、不定式(infinitive)1. 不定式的用法不定式的基本形式为“to do”，在句中不单独作谓语；本身具有名 词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状 语和补足语。(1) 作主语：例：To see is to believe.眼见为实。To grasp English in a short time is not easy. 在短时间内掌握英语不容易。注意：为保持句子平衡，可用“it”作形式主语，而将真正主语动词 不定式放在后边，句型为： It is /wasto do sth.例： It is not easyto grasp English in a short t
2、ime. 在短时间内掌握英语是不容易的。It was important for himto solve the problem then. 当时对于他来说，解决这个问题是重要的。(2) 作宾语：多在单宾语及物动词后用作宾语，有时也可用在某些复 合宾语及物动词及个别双宾语及物动词后。例： I want to have a walk after supper.晚饭后我想去散步。He considered it his duty to support his family. 他认为支撑他的家庭是他的责任。She doesnt know howto run the machine. 她不知道如何操作
3、这台机器。不定式作宾语的结构为：及物动词 + to do. 动词常用： advise, agree, ask, begin, continue, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, manage, mean, pretend, start, try, want, wish 等。(3) 作表语：联系动词一般都是 be。例： Our duty isto clean the office and the windows in it. 我们的责任是打扫办公室以及把办公室里的窗户擦干净。 His dream is to become an expert
4、in computer in the future. 他的梦想是将来成为一名电脑方面的专家。 不定式作表语一般结构是： be to do sth.(4) 作定语可表示主谓、动宾、地点、时间、方式等多种语义关系。 例： Do you still have anything to say?你还有什么要说的吗？Mr. Li is the first toget to the library. 李先生是第一个到达图书馆的人。不定式作定语必须放在所修饰的名词后，与所修饰的名词可以是逻辑上的主谓关系或逻辑上的动宾关系。如果不定式是不及物动词，则后面须跟一个介词。例： We have nothing to
5、worry about.我们没有什么可担心的。The Pierres had only a cold roomto live in.皮尔斯一家只有一间寒冷的房间居住。She has no chair to sit on.她没有椅子坐。（5）作状语：表示多种语义，如目的、原因、程度等。例： They went out to have a walk. （表示目的）他们出去散步。I was really surprised to hear the news. （原因）听到这个消息我真的很吃惊。He is too young to join the army. （结果）他太年轻了以至于不能参军。To
6、tell you the truth, I dont like our Chine 修饰金甸论匚 （告诉你实话，我不喜欢我们的语文老师。（6）作补语例： They want usto keep silent.他们希望我们保持安静。He asked meto turn down the radio.他让我把收音机的声音调低。不定式作补语结构为：及物动词+ sb./sth. to do如果及物动词为使役动词(let, have, make)或感觉动词(see, hear, watch, notice, listen to, look at, feel 等)，动词不定式不带“to”。例： He ma
7、de us sweep the floor three times a day. 他让我们一天打扫三次地板。Isaw him leave the meeting room early. 我看见他很早离开了会议室。We always hear her sing popular songs. 我们总是听见她唱流行歌曲。I noticed the man enter the store.我注意到这个男人进入了商场。His mother made him write a two-thousand-word article. 他的妈妈让他写一篇2000 字的文章。但该类句子变为被动句时则要加上“to”例
8、： We were made to sweep the floor three times a day.我们被要求一天打扫三次地板。 Hewas seen to leave the meeting room early. 有人看到他很早离开了会议室。She is always heard to sing the popular songs. 人们总是听到她唱流行歌曲。The man was noticed to enter the store. 有人注意到这个男人进了商场。Hewas made to write a two-thousand-word article. 他被要求写一篇3000
9、字的文章。 help后的不定式“to”可有可无。 例: Would you please help me (to) look for my lost necklace?你能帮助我寻找丢失的项链吗？She helps me (to) learn to drive. 她帮我学开车。(7) 形容词补足语：用在表示心理、感情、评价等的形容词后，对其 进行补充说明。例： We are very gladto meet you again. 很高兴再次见到你。2. 不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态的变化，见下表：主动形式被动形式般时to doto be done完成时to have doneto ha
10、ve been done进行时to be doing完成进行时to have been doing般地说，(1) 如果不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后，用不定式的一般时来表示。(2) 如果不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前，用不定式的完成时。(3) 如果不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生，用不定式的进行时或一般 时。例：I hope to see the film Titanic(之后) 我希望看泰坦尼克号这部电影。They are said to be playing football on the playground now. (同时) 有人说他们正在操场上踢足球。They seemed to have
11、 heard about the news already. (之前) 他们似乎已经听说了这个消息。Im sortroy have wasted your time. (之前)很抱歉浪费了你的时间。注意：不定式的逻辑主语 （一般为句子主语 ）是不定式动作的承受者 时，需用不定式的被动式。例：Tom doesnt like to be praised in public.汤姆不喜欢在公众场合被表扬。He asked to be sent to work there. 他要求被派往那里工作。Its an honor for himto have been invited to the party.
12、 对于他来说被邀请参加这个聚会是件荣幸的事。不定式在 easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, heavy, expensive 等形容词 后作状语，用主动形式表示被动意义。例： It is difficultto understand.这件事很难理解。The work is hard to do.这个工作很难做。The box is heavy to carry.这个箱子搬起来很重。 若不定式与所修饰词有动宾关系，但与另一词有主谓关系，往往 用主动形式表示被动意义。例： He has a meeting to attend.他有个会议要参加。We still have
13、 many things to do. 我们仍有很多事情要做。3. 几点注意事项 在“It is +形容词+ for/of sb. to do sth. ”结构中，如果形容词是用 于说明事情的，介词用for；如果形容词是用于说明人的，介词则选 用 of。说明人的形容词主要有：clever, careless, foolish, good, polite, kind, right, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong, brave, selfish 等。例： It is impossiblefor us to finish the work in a month.对
14、于我们来说在一个月内完成这项工作是不可能的。It is not easyfor me to learn so many subjects together. 对于我来说同时学习这么多课程是不容易的。It is kind of you to say so.你这么说真好。It is impolite of you to stare at others. 你盯着某人看是不礼貌的。It was carelessof her to break the glass. 她不小心打破了玻璃。不定式符号“to”的有无 had better do something 最好would rather do somet
15、hing 宁愿would like to do something 想做例： Youd better stay here for another week.你最好在这儿再待一周。Liuhulan would rather die than give in.刘胡兰宁愿死亡而不投降。Id like to have a cup of coffee with sugar and milk in.我想要一杯加糖和牛奶的咖啡。 why, why not引导问句不带to,句型为：疑问词+(not)+动词原 形?例： Why spend so much money on such a coat?为什么花那么多钱买这么一件外套。Why not wear just a flower?为什么不只戴一朵花呢？ 连接词引导省略主语的陈述句时要加to,句型为:连接词+to do sth.例： I really dont know what to do now.我确实不知道现在干什么。He has no ideawhere to go.他不知道去哪儿。 情景对话中，省略不定式时，to常要留下。例： Do you want
