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1、Lecture 7 虚拟语气The Subjunctive Mood一、If引导的非真实条件句If-从句谓语形式主句谓语形式与现在事实相反一般过去式（did）Should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成式(had done)Should/could/would/might+have+done与将来事实相反Should/were to+动词原形Should/would/could/might+动词原形1.He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors.(与现在事实相反)2.The flood might have caus
2、ed great damage to the people if we hadnt built so many reservoirs.(与过去事实相反)3.If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.(推测将来）虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果正在”，主句中的谓语仍用would/might/should/could, 并可以根据情况选用时态。If she were living a hard life, he should be responsible for it. If you hadnt been stu
3、dying so hard, you might have failed the exam.条件句中有were, had（助动词）, should, could时，可以省略if,而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。1. If you had informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract.= Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract.2. If they were to get married, they would b
4、e happy.= Were they to get married, they would be happy.3. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.二、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词，短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐在上下文中，称为含蓄条件句。You might have failed.=If you made less efforts, you
5、might have failed.Heaven would cry at their sufferings.=If it were able to see their sufferings, heaven would cry at their sufferings.She would have acted as you did.=If she had been you, she would have acted as you did. 三、错综时间虚拟句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。1.如果
6、我是你的话，昨晚我不会错过那场电影。If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.2.如果我昨天把此事说过母亲听，现在我就知道该做什么了。If I had spoken to my mother about it yesterday, I should know what to do now.3.如果Lily今天会到的话，那她一定是三天前就动身了。If Lily should arrive today, she must have started three days ago.4.如果我是你的话，我不会错过这个好机会。If I
7、 were you, I wouldnt have missed such a good opportunity.四、虚拟语气在Its (high/about) time结构中运用在It Is (high, about) time + that clause句型中, that可省略。从句中的谓语动词有两种形式，或者用动词的过去式(be用were)；或者用should + 动词原形（should不能省略),表示“现在某人该做某事了”,含有该事早该去做而未做，现在去做似乎都为时已晚的意思 。1.That was not the first time he had betrayed us. I th
8、ink its high time we took strong actions against him.2. If you have really been studying English for so long, its about time you should be able to write letters in English. 五、虚拟语气在would rather从句中的运用would rather后面的从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用一般过去时表示事实与现在或将来事实相反;谓语动词用过去完成时，表示事实与过去事实相反。1.Frankly speaking, Id rather
9、you didnt do anything about it for the time being.2.He would rather English teacher hadnt criticized him yesterday.六、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用在及物动词advice, agree, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, direct, desire, insist, maintain, order, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve(决定)，move(规定),stip
10、ulate(规定),suggest, urge(极力催促),vote(投票表决)等后面的宾语从句形式为(should)+do.1. He suggested that we (should) go home now.2. He insisted that John (should) apologize to him. 七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用当advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, concerned, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, imperative, important natural nece
11、ssary, preferable, proper, urgent, vital等形容词做表语时，或及物动词如advise, agree, ask, command, decide等表示建议、命令、请求等含义的动词过去分词形式做表语时，其主语从句用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的形式是：（should)+动词原形。如果形容词是amazing, incredible, odd, ridiculous, stranger, surprising等作表语，主语从句同样用虚拟语气，谓语部分用should+动词原形，should一般不省略。译成中文时should译成“竟然”。1. It is important t
12、hat we (should) know something about literature.2. It is requested that Mary (should) give a performance at the party.八、虚拟语气在同位语和表语从句中的运用名词如：advice, agreement, command, decision, demand, desire, determination, insistence, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, res
13、olution, stipulation, suggestion, urge, vote, idea, necessity, plan, wish，a pity, a shame, no wonder后的同位语从句，以及以这类名词做主语时其表语从句，要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用(should)+动词原形。1. My suggestion is that we (should) ask our teachers for help. 2. What do you think about his proposal that we should hold a play tomorrow? 九、无“条件
14、”的虚拟语气句无“条件”的虚拟语气句：指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if或I wish等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。表示无“条件”的词有：with, without, but for, or ,but, otherwise.She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.Without your help, we would not have been able
15、to overcome the difficulty.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.With concrete efforts, we could have done it better.But for your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.But for放于句首，其后可接名词短语，表示与事实相反的假设或条件，其后句子中的谓语要用should/would/could (not) do/be来表示对现在的虚拟，
16、而用should/would/could (not) have done/been来表示对过去的虚拟。But for water and air, nothing could live in the earth.But for the storm, he could have swan across the Channel.But that后接真实情况的条件从句，该从句不用虚拟式，可置于句首或句中，而主句则用虚拟式sb.would (not) have done sth.(对过去)。But that she was prevented, she would have shot the other pe
