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1、Passage 1 and 2Overview of the Digestive System-translation OverviewoftheDigestiveSystem ConsiderforamomentaBigMac.ThepurposeinyoureatingaBigMac,otherthansimplehedonism,istoassimilatethenutrientsitrepresentsandmakethemavailabletobuild,repairandmaintainyourowntissues,aswellasprovideenergyforstudyinga
2、ndocca-sionalotherpursuits. Youmayhaveaskedyourself-ExactlywhatnutientsarepresentinaBigMacthatIcanassimilate?MacDonaldscomesclosetofulldisclosureinthisregard,butwhattheydonttellyouisthatinordertotakeadvantageofthesenutrients,youhavetoprovidethemeanstocarefullybreakthemdownintomuchsmallermoleculestha
3、tcanbeimportedintoblood.Luckily,yourdigestivesystemtakescareofthisverycomplexprocesssoefficientlythatmostofthetimeyoudontevenneedtothinkaboutit. Atitssimplest,thedigestivesystemitisatuberunningfrommouthtoanus.Thistubeislikeanassemblyline,ormoreproperly,adissemblyline.Itschiefgoalistobreakdownhugemac
4、romolecules(proteins,fatsandstarch),whichcannotbeabsorbedintact,intosmallermolecules(aminoacids,fattyacidsandglucose)thatcanbeabsorbedacrossthewallofthetube,andintothecirculatorysystemfordisseminationaroundyourbody. ConsiderforamomentaBigMac.ThepurposeinyoureatingaBigMac,otherthansimplehedonism,isto
5、assimlatethenutrientsitrepresentsandmakethemavailabletobuild,repairandmaintainyourowntissues,aswellasprovideenergyforstudyingandoccasio-nalotherpursuits. ThebreakdownoffoodstuffslikeaBigMacisaccomplishedthroughacombinationofmechanicalandenzymaticprocesses.Toaccomplishthisbreakdown,thedigestivetubere
6、quiresconsiderableassistancefromaccessorydigestiveorganssuchasthesalivaryglands,liverandpancreas,whichdumptheirsecretionsintothetube.Thenameaccessoryshouldnotbetakentomeandispensible;indeed,withoutpancreaticenzymesyouwouldstarvetodeathinshortorder. Inmanyways,thedigestivesystemcanbethoughtofasawell-
7、runfactoryinwhichalargenumberofcomplextasksareperformed. Thethreefundamentalprocessesthattakeplaceare: Secretion:Deliveryofenzymes,mucus,ionsandthelikeintothelumen,andhormonesintoblood Absorption:Transportofwater,ionsandnutrientsfromthelumen,acrosstheepitheliumandintoblood Motility:Contractionsofsmo
8、othmuscleinthewallofthetubethatcrush,mixandpropelitscontents Eachpartofthedigestivetubeperformsatleastsomeofthesetasks,anddifferentregionsofthetubehaveuniqueandimportantspecializations. Likeanywell-runfactory,properfunctionofthedigestivesystemrequiresrobustcontrolsystems.Controlsystemsmustfacilitate
9、communicationamongdifferentsectionsofthedigestivetract(i.e.controlonthefactoryfloor),andbetweenthedigestivetractandthebrain(i.e.betweenworkersandmanagment).Controlofdigestivefunctionisachievedthroughacombinationofelectricalandhormonalmessageswhichoriginateeitherwithinthedigestivesystemsownnervousand
10、endocrinesystems,aswellasfromthecentralnervoussytemandfromendocrineorganssuchastheadrenalgland.Differentpartsofthesesystemsareconstantlytalkingtooneanother.ThebasicmessagesarealongthelinesofIjustreceivedanextraordinaryloadoffood,soIsuggestyougetprepared(stomachtolargeintestine)orForgoodnesssake,plea
11、seslowdownuntilIcancatchupwithwhatyouvealreadygivenme(smallintestinetostomach). Finally,anoteaboutdifferencesindigestiveanatomyandphysiologyamonganimals.Thedigestivesystemsofhumans,dogs,mice,horses,kangaroosandgreatwhitesharksare,toafirstapproximation,virtuallyidentical.Ifyoulookmorecarefullyhowever
12、,itbecomesapparentthateachofthesespecieshasevolvedcertaindigestivespecializationsthathaveallowedittoadapttoaparticulardiet. Thesedifferencesbecomeparticularlyapparentwhenyoucompareacarnivorelikeacatwithaherbivorelikeagoatorahorse.Goatsandhorsesevolvedfromancestorsthatsubsistedonplantsandadaptedparts
13、oftheirdigestivetractsintomassivefermentationvatswhichenabledthemefficientlyutilizecellulose,themajorcarbohydrateofplants. Incontrast,catsevolvedfromanimalsthatlivedonthecarcassesofotheranimals,andhavedigestivesystemsthatreflectthishistory-extremelysmallfermentationvatsandessentiallynoabilitytoutilizecellulose.Bridgingthegapbetweencarnivoresandherbivoresareomnivoreslikehumansandpigs,whosedigestivetractsattesttoahistoricaldietthatincludedbothplantsandanimals
