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1、#直接引语和间接引语【学习指南】直接引语就是直接地引用或复述别人的话，并放在引号内。间接引语则是说话人用自己的话转述他人的原话， 被转述的内容不放在引号内。 间接引语是说话者站在自己的角度进行 转述，因此，不同的直接引语要用不同的句式来进行转述，且直接引语中的代词、动词的时态以及时间或地点状语都要有相应的变化，部分引述动词有时也需做适当的调整。这些变化有一定的规则， 但在具体运用时往往呈现复杂的情况。本章的学习重点是要掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等由直接引语变为间接引语最基本的规则，特别是特殊 疑问句转换成间接引语时的词序变化、时态的前后呼应以及规则以外的不同变化。准确地进行直接引语和间
2、接引语的转换有助于我们准确地进行交际。而且要在时态、人称、时间、一、直接引语与间接引语的转换 在将直接引语转换为间接引语时，不仅句式上要有变化, 地点等方面作相应的变化。1、引语转换时的句式变化不同的直接引语句式，如：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，转换成间接引语时要遵 循一定的句式转换规则，还要注意根据句意，使用适当的引述动词。(1) 陈述句的间接引语将陈述句转换为间接引语，通常用that引导的宾语从句来表达。连词that在不引起歧义的情况下可以省略。弓I述分句的动词常见的有say和tell等。【小帖士】间接引语中不用say tosb,要用tell sb来引述。He said, I caug
3、ht a cold yesterday.”他说：“我昨天感冒了。”He said (that) he had caught a cold the day before.他说他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, I m tired of taking such exams.海伦说：“我讨厌参加这种考试。”Hele n told me (that) she was tired of tak ing such exams.海伦说她讨厌参加这种考试。【点津坊】 在下列情况下，往往要保留that。 that的省略会产生歧义。Linda said disappointedly that whe
4、n she arrived at the station, the train had already left.琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。(如不用that, when状语从句既可以理解为修饰said,又可以理解为修饰 had left) 当引述动词后面不止跟一个that引导的从句时，第二个that不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year.他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。(第二个that不能省略)(2) 疑
5、问句的间接引语【小帖士】引述词say to on eself常改 成 wonder。I said to myself, Am I fit for the job? ”I wondered if I was fit for the job.我不知道我是否 能胜任这项工作。直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问 句。弓I述的动词常用 ask, inquire, wonder, want to know 等。 间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序， 句末不用问号，用句号。 一般疑问句的间接引语直接引语为一般疑问句时，用连词whether或if引导,某些表示请求的疑问句也可以转换成间接祈使句。I
6、asked him, “ Are you satisfied with the results?我问他：“你对这结果满意吗？”I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我问他对这结果是否满意。Did you go to the British Museum yesterday? ” asked Kate.凯特问：“你昨天有没有去大英博物馆？”Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.凯特问我昨天有没有去大英博物馆。The old man s
7、aid to a passer-by,“ Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?那位老人跟一位过路人说：“请问到长城饭店的路怎么走。”The old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.那位老人请一位过路人告诉他去长城饭店的路。 选择疑问句的间接引语直接引语为选择疑问句时，用连词 whether/ifor引导。He said, “ Are you in terested in En glish or not?”他说：“你是否对
8、英语感兴趣 ？”He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not.他问我是否对英语感兴趣。“ Do you like Chinese food or Japanese food?” he asked.他问：“你喜欢中国食物还是日本食物？”He asked whether / if I liked Chinese food or Japanese food.他问我喜欢中国食物还是日本食物。 特殊疑问句的间接引语直接引语为特殊疑问句，转换为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“ Whado you do in your free tim
9、e ?” he asked me.他问我：“你业余时间干什么？”He asked me what I did in my free time.他问我业余时间做什么。“ Why did shego to America ? Paul asked.保罗问：“她为什么去美国？”Paul asked why she had gone to America.保罗问她为什么去了美国。【小帖士】“ What s the matter with yoi和 “ Whaf s wrong with you改为间接引语时词序不变。He asked me what was wrong with me.他问我出什么事了
10、。He asked me what was the matter with me. 他问我怎么了。(3) 祈使句的间接引语直接引语如果是祈使句，变成间接引语后，叫间接祈使句。 祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词say变成comma nd, order, tell等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为not to do结构。“ Stay where you are, ” she said.她说：“呆在原地。”She told me to stay where I was.她告诉我呆在原地。“ Don t smoke in the room, ” he said.他说：“别在房间里抽
11、烟。”He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我别在房间里抽烟。 祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词say变成ask, beg, request, urge等动词。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you? ” 她说：“请你一直等到我回来，好吗？” She begged me to wait till she returned. 她请求我一直要等到她回来。 以Let开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为suggest,然后再接that从句。John said to Bill, “Letsgo h
12、iking tomorrow. ”约翰对比尔说, “我们明天去徒步旅行吧。 ”John suggestedto Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day. 约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。(4) 感叹句的间接引语直接引语是感叹句, 变成间接引语后,叫做间接感叹句。间接感叹句多采用宾语从句结 构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当 的动词和状语来转换。He said,“What a beautiful viet wis ! ”他说：“多么漂亮的景色！ ”He said that it was a
13、 very beautiful view.他说景色非常漂亮。He cried out what a beautiful view it was.他大声说这景色是多么地漂亮。She often says, “What a great country China is!”她常说：“中国是一个多么伟大的国家！ ”She often says that China is a very great country. 她常说中国是一个非常伟大的国家。She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country. 她常常赞赏地说中国多么伟
14、大(5) 并列句和复合句的间接引语当转述的内容为并列句或复合句, 或有两种以上的句子时, 应根据不同的句式来选择不 同的引述动词和连接词。He said, “Itold her to wait, but she went away. ” 他说：“我告诉她等一下,但她还是走了。He said ( that ) he had told her to wait but that she went away. 他说他已经告诉她等一下,但她还是走了。She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut? ”她说：“这儿很冷。窗 户关了吗？”She said tha
15、t it was cold there and asked if the window was shut.她说那儿很冷,并问窗 户是否关了。Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know. ” 芬威克对我说：“去看看罗宾吧,他会告诉你想要知道的事情。 ”Fenwick advised me to go and see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know.芬威克建议我去看罗宾,因为他会告诉我想要知道的事情。二、引语转换时的各种相应变化 直接引语转换成间接引语除了有句式的变化外, 还要掌握动词时态、人称代词、指示代 词、时间状语、地点状语和词序的变化。（1）动词时态的变化 如果引述动词为现在时态，间接引语的动词可以保持原来的时态。He says,I have bee n writi ng a no vel.”他说：“我一直在写一本小说。”He saysthat he h
