高一英语Module 2 Unit 6语法 定语从句讲解

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1、高一英语Module 2 Unit 6语法 定语从句讲解定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾

2、语。例如: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2)whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还能够同of which互换即:whose+n=the +n+of which或of which +the +n)。例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人

3、车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrap

4、ped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 关系代词that 和which的区别that 和which在一般情况都能够用于代替表示事物意义的先行词,在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下须区别对待:1) 只能用Which的情况 a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。例如: We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on t

5、he land that/which we get our food from. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: All that is needed is a s

6、upply of oil. 所需的仅仅供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。That is the only way that leads to

7、your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构,因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the pla

8、ce where(in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介+which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the

9、 place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事

10、的日子。 判断改错: ( ) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ( ) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. ( ) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. ( ) Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能

11、正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 例1变为肯定句: This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句: This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.

12、 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。 4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分

13、开。例如: This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I boug

14、ht last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to

15、vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。5 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如: This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?在这种结构中,关系代词若是表示人的意义,就只能用whom ;关系代词若是表示事物的意义,就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题,因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素:A)动词与介词的搭配B)名词与介词的搭配C)形

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