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1、级语法讲义过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于 虚拟语气完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing/: 时态：所谓的”时态”，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:过去现在将来过去将来一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/shall be g
2、ivenshould/would be given进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成进彳丁/1. 主动形式2. 被动形式: CET-4常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时全部的过去用一般现在时卜表示现在和将来 L现在完成时jL现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词*wwwwwwwwwww7vA/wwa/
3、wwwwwwxA/一.不定式：-）不定式的常考形式：1）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式：He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2）完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考
4、的考点：1）不定式做定语将要发生2）不定式做状语目的3）不定式充当名词功能To see is to believe.三）不定式的省略1）感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我观察他在花园里干活了。（强调”我观察了”这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在
5、花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2）使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同1）一样被动以后要还原toI、d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.3）help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四）有些动词后只跟不定式如：want, wish, hope,
6、 manage, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agree, expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五）有的时候to后面要接ing形式accustom （oneself） to; be
7、accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want后的ing形式具有被动的意思。
8、其中，want不太常用。He needs （a lot of） encouraging.二.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词1）是名词 seeing is believing2）具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一）动名词的形式：一般形式：I dont like you smoking,完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.-）动名词常考的点1）动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2）在动名词和不定式中，做为介词的宾语是动
9、名词3）动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或全部格形式给出规律主语.I would appreciateback this afternoon.A. you to call B. you call C. you calling D. youre calling （Key： C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4）有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; d
10、iscontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另
11、外还有一些接ing形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和ing形式，意义截然不 容。I remembered to
12、 post the letters.（指将来/过去将来的动作）I remembered posting/ha vin g posting the letters （我记得这个动作） forgot与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that.我很圆满地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前的离开而圆满。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try -ing 试验 Try practicing five
13、hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to打算、卸我想去，但我父亲不让我 去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing powe厂.意味者赠加工资意味着增加I购买力。 prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就宠爱这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3分词：现在分词主动进
14、行，过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式：1）一般式：Do you see the man talking to the dean （主任）？（与谓语动词同步发生）2）完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.（发生谓语动词之前）3）完成被动形式：Having been adaDted, the script seems perfect发生谓语动词之前且表示被动） 过去分词1）过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unDrepared.2）过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being dis
15、cussed everywhere.（强调正在被做）这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的规律主语。他们 之间的全都关系一一主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要留意的是分词与他前面的规律主语之 间的主动被动的关系。情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/cant今should/shouldnt今might/may （not）另外两个类情态词的形式:”need/neednt; have to/dont have to 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态） 本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 这时“虚拟语气“的产生往往是由于我们要表达“原来应当（而现在却还没有）（原来可以，原来能）I should go! （. but Im still here!）（一般）I should be working now!（
