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1、Unit1 Women of achievement-grammar学案Unit1womenofachievement-grammar学案一、主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则,概括起来不外乎三种一致原则,即语法形式一致,概念一致(语言内容上一致),毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)。.语法形式一致:按主语的语法形式确定谓语的形式(1)单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语,用and或bothand连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。例如:)Theperformancewasveryfunny.2)S
2、ervingthepeopleismygreathappiness.3)whetherwellgodependsontheweather.4)manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.5)BothyouandIarestudents.6)whatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.注1:在what引导的主语从句中,如果主语补语是复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.注2:修饰语对主
3、语的数不起影响。例如:Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.(2)由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如:)mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.2)
4、ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.3)Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.4)Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.有些代词只能指单数可数名词,当它们在句子中作主语时,尽管在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,any
5、body,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如:)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.2)Everythingaroundusismatter.在neitherof与eitherof的结构里,一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式,一般用单数形式。例如:)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.2)Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and后的名词
6、前没有冠词,谓语动词应该用单数形式;在and后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式。例如:)Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.2)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(6)当oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof结构作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:)oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.2)Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.(7)
7、plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可数与不可数名词作主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数,可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如:)Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.2)Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.3)Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.4)Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.5)Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.6)Thereareloads
8、ofbigredapplesontheground.(8)由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest,themajorityof等+名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应与名词的单复数一致。例如:)Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.2)Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.3)Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.4)Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeofth
9、eterm.5)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.6)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.(9)由morethanone,manya+单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:)morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.2)manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.注:如果morethan后面是复数名词,则谓语动词要用复数。例如:morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.(10)quant
10、ityof+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;quantitiesof+可数与不可数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:)Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.2)Thereisalargequantityofmilk.(11)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of+名词”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如:)overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.2)Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.(12)定语从句谓语
11、动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如:)Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.2)“keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.注:当one之前有theonly等限定词修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.概念一致(语言内容上一致)(1)有些集合名词如crowd,family,team,orchestra(管弦乐队),gr
12、oup,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等,它们作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式。例如:)Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.2)Hisfamilyareverywell.3)Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.注:如这类词后跟有定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则,强调具体成员时,谓语动词用复数,关系代词用who;强调整体时,谓语动
13、词用单数,关系代词用which。例如:)Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2)Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry(家禽)等。例如:)cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.2)Thepolicea
14、researchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数。如news,means,works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称,如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等,它们作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:)Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.2)Hereisthenews.用and连接的单数主语,前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如:)Eachpenandea
15、chpaperisfoundinitsplace.2)Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.3)manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.4)Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.2)Threepintsisntenoughtogetmedrunk.国家、单位和书报的名称,作为一个单一的概念,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:)warandPeaceisthelongestbookIveread.2)Generalmotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.3.毗邻一致(就近原则)由连词or,neitheror,eitheror,notonlyalso,nor等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则,与贴近它的主语一致。例如:)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.