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1、Fundamentals of Materials Science材料科学基础名词与术语第一章 绪论#metal: 金属 ceramic: 陶瓷 polymer: 聚合物 Composites: 复合材料 Semiconductors: 半导体 Biomaterials: 生物材料Processing: 加工过程Structure: 组织结构Properties: 性质Performance: 使用性能 Mechanical properties: 力学性能 Electrical properties: 电性能Thermal behavior: 热性能 Magnetic properties:
2、 磁性能 Optical properties: 光性能 Deteriorative characteristics: 老 化特性#第二章 原子结构与原子键#Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单 位Atomic number: 原子数Atomic weight: 原子量Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型 Bonding energy: 键能Coulombic force: 库仑力Covalent bond: 共价键Dipole (electric): 偶极子 electronic configuration: 电子构型 electron state: 电位
3、Electronegative: 负电的Electropositive: 正电的Ground state: 基态Hydrogen bond: 氢键Ionic bond: 离子键Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond: 金属键Mole: 摩尔Molecule: 分子Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相 容原理Periodic table: 元素周期表Polar molecule: 极性分子Primary bonding: 强键Quantum mechanics: 量子力学Quantum number: 量子数 Secondary bonding: 弱键 va
4、lence electron: 价电子 van der waals bond: 范德华键 Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象 性模型#第三章 金属与陶瓷的结构#Allotropy: 同素异形现象Amorphous: 无定形Anion: 阴离子Anisotropy: 各向异性 atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数 body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构 Braggs law: 布拉格定律Cation: 阳离子 coordination number: 配位数 crystal structure: 晶体结构 cryst
5、al system: 晶系 crystalline: 晶体的 diffraction: 衍射 face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构#第五章 晶体缺陷#Alloy: 合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements. 由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。Weight percent (wt%) ：质量百分数Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a particular element relative t
6、o the total alloy weight (or mass). Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratio of cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula. 在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的 化合价关系。Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials w
7、herein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity.对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子 / 分子在排列顺序 /连续性上的偏离。Point defect: 点缺陷A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites.一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。Vacancy: 空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom or ion
8、is missing.一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相 近的空位中。Self-interstitial:自间隙原子A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site.处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。Schottky
9、defect:肖脱基缺陷In an ionic solid, a defect consisting of a cation acancy and anion acancy pair.在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个 阴离子空位组成的空位对。Atomic vibration:原子振动The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与 温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振 动。Substitutional solid so
10、lution:置换固溶体A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms.溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。Interstitial diffusion:间隙扩散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site.一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一 个相近的间隙位置。Interstitial solid solution:间
11、隙固溶体A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置 所形成的固溶体。Solid solution:固溶体A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid soluti
12、ons are possible. 包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。Solid-solution strengthening:固溶体强化Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in which a solid solution is formed.The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility.由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。S
13、olute:溶质One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液(固溶体)中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂 中。Solution heat treatment:固溶处理，均匀化退火The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate particles.Often, the solid solution is supersaturated and
14、 metastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature.让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下，从固 溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent:溶剂The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.It is the component that dissolves a solute.溶液(固溶体)中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。Burgers vector
15、(b )：柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction of lattice distortion associated with a dislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程 度和方向的矢量。Composition (Ci):成分，组成The relative content of a particular element or constituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed in weight percent or atom percent.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子 百分数来表示。Defect structure:缺陷结构，缺陷组态Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies and interstitials in a ceramic compound.在陶瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷 组态。Dislocat
