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1、第六讲：动名词和分词与动词不定式用法比较英语中的不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)在句中不能充当谓语，故被称为非谓语动词。它们都有否定式、被动式和完成式。否定词n ot, n ever 总放在它们之前，被动式及完成式见下表：不定式动名词分词主动被动主动被动主动被动般 式to keepto be keptkeep ingbeing keptkeep ingbeing kept现在式to havekeptto have bei ng kepthav ing kepthav ing bee nkepthav ing kepthav ing bee nkept宀完成式to have keep
2、ing宀完 成 进 行 式to have bee n keep ing其中，动名词还可以被代词及名词所有格修饰，构成动名词的复合结构。这种代词和名词所有格充当动名词的逻辑主语。His an xiety does nt justify his being so rude to his mother.他的焦虑不是他对母亲这么粗鲁的理由。The father was angry at his sons spe nding money like water.父亲对儿子的花钱如流水感到愤怒。在口语或非正式语体中，也可用宾格代替代词和名词的所有格。故上面两句可改为：His an xiety does nt
3、 justify him being so rude to his mother.The father was angry at his son spe nding money like water.1. 作主语(1) 动名词和不定式都可充当主语，意义上一般区别不大。Seei ng is believ ing.和口 To see is to believe.都意为：百闻不如一见。但动名词常表抽象性概念，泛指习惯性动作或抽象概念，而不定式指某一具体时间内或将来时间中的具体的、特定的动作。Swimmingdoes good to our health, but to swim on such a
4、cold day is unthinkable. 游泳对我们的健康有好处，但在这么冷的天气里去游泳是难以想象的。(2) 不定式通常用 It 作形式主语，而动名词通常直接放在句首作主语。多进行体育运动是必要的。和你这么有趣的人谈话很Its necessary to take more sports and games.Its nice to talk to such an interesting person as you. 有意思。Climbing mountains is tiring. 爬山是很累人的。(3) 动名词用 It 作形式主语时常用于一些固定结构中，如Its no use (go
5、od, sense, useless, pointless, a waste of time) doing sth.Its no use trying to persuade her to follow your advice.想说服她接受你的建 议是没有用的。Its pointless applying for such an undesirable job.申请这份不令人喜欢的工作 没有意义。2. 作表语(1) 动名词和分词都可作表语，但动名词作表语说明主语的具体内容，又常有动词特性，可带宾 语和状语， 而分词则表示主语的性质或状态， 可用副词修饰， 也可有比较级。 The main jo
6、b of the ant queen is laying eggs.蚁后的主要工作是产卵。( laying eggs 为 job 的具体内容，动名词带宾语。)This book is really entertaining.这本书确实是引人入胜的。(现在分词表示主语 的性质。)He grew more excited and a little frightened when he got to the mysterious cave. 当到达那个神秘的洞穴的时候，他变得更加兴奋，同时又有一点害怕。 (过去分词作表语，表示 已经出现的状态)(2) 动词不定式亦可作表语。Your task is
7、to get the information we need as soon as possible.你的任务就 是尽可能早地弄到我们所需要的信息。3. 作宾语(1) 不定式和动名词都可作宾语不定式除了在 nothing but/except, have no choice/alternative but后之外，一般不作介词宾语，而只作动词宾语，但不定式短语 , 如 whether to do, why to do, what to do等均可作介词宾语。He decided to leave at once. 他决定马上离开。(不定式作动词宾语)She wants nothing but t
8、o drink a cup of tea.她所想要的只是一杯茶而已。(不定 式作介词宾语)I have no alternative but to wait for him.我别无选择，只有等他。（不定式作介词宾语)动名词既可大量作介词宾语He left without saying anything也可作某些动词的宾语I will appreciate your calling back this evening.(2) 在某些动词或短语后，只能接动名词而不用动词不定式作宾语1) 某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，而不能用不定式，这些动词有：anticipate, appreciate, enj
9、oy, avoid, evade, escape, consider,postpone,cancel, calloff, delay, deny, admit(to ), confess to,dislike, fancy, imagine,finish, complete,mind, miss, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, suggest,stand,bear, endure, tolerate, put up with, keep (on),等。Mark often attempts t
10、o escape being found whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，总是企图避免被发现。注：在 demand, deserve, need, want, require 等动词后所接的主动语态动名词具有被动意义。These points deserve mentioning. 这些要点值得一提。The knife needs sharpening. 这把刀需要磨快。2) 在下面一些短语后，只能后接动名词而不能用不定式做作宾语 ：admit to, attend to, be accustomed to, be clo
11、se to, be tired of, be fed up with, be/get used to, be worth, call off, refer to, confessed to, dreamed of, insist on, persist in, stick to, hold to, adhere to, look forward to, approve of, feel like, put off, give up, keep on, succeed in, object to, set about, limitto, reduce to, on the way to, get
12、through, decide on, persuade sb.into/out of doing, warn sb. against, bother about等。He dreamed of going abroad for further study.他向往着出国进修。3) advise,allow, encourage, permit 等动词后带 -ing 形式作宾语，带不定式作宾语补足语 。My parents dont allow smoking in our house.我父母亲不允许在房间里抽烟。MY parents dont allow me to smoke in our h
13、ouse.我父母亲不允许我在房间里抽烟。(3) 某些动词后既可接动名词，也可接不定式1) 意义无明显区别，但有时有泛指、特指之分或用法稍有区别。用动名词往往强调事情，用 动词不定式往往强调动作。这些动词有 begin, continue, start, like, hate, love, dread, prefer I love dancing, but I dont love to dance this evening. 今晚跳舞。等。我喜欢跳舞，但不喜欢When we began climbing the hill, it began to rain.我们开始爬山时，天开始下雨。注：在下面
14、三种情形下， begin 和 start 后只能用不定式： 当主语是无生命无意识的事物时；当 begin 和 start 本身用于进行时态时；当 begin 和 start 后接表心理状态的动词，如 realize, understand, know等。2) 意义有明显差别a. 在 remember, forget 之后，用动名词表示动作已发生，用不定式表动作尚I remember being taken to Tibet when I was young. 我记得小时候曾被带到西藏。He forgot to post the letter on his way home yesterday.
15、回家的路上他忘了寄信。b. regret 含有对过去一个既成事实表示 后悔之意时，用动名词作宾语；但当表遗憾 ，将带给他人不 尽如人意的消息时，则用不定式作宾语。Charles regretted blaming his secretary, for he later discovered he himself was wrong. 查尔士后悔责怪了他的秘书，因为他后来发现是他自己错了。I regret not telling him the news earlier.我后悔没早点告诉他这消息。We regret to inform you that you are not admitted to our university this year. 我们很遗憾地通知你你今年未被我们大学录取。c. mean 接动名词意为 意味着 ，接不定式意为 打算 。Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意
