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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题Strange is our situation here upon earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose.From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know: that man is here for the sake of other menabov
2、e all for those upon whose smile and well-being our own happiness depends, and also for the countless unknown souls with whose fate we are connected by a bond of sympathy. Many times a day I realize how much my own outer and inner life is built upon the labors of my fellow men, both living and dead,
3、 and how earnestly I must exert myself in order to give in return as much as I have received. My peace of mind is often troubled by the depressing sense that I have borrowed too heavily from the work of other men.To ponder interminably over the reason for ones own existence or the meaning of life in
4、 general seems to me, from an objective point of view, to be sheer folly. And yet everyone holds certain ideals by which he guides his aspiration and his judgment. The ideals which have always shone before me and filled me with the joy of living are goodness, beauty, and truth. To make a goal of com
5、fort and happiness has never appealed to me; a system of ethics built on this basis would be sufficient only for a herd of cattle.【答案】我们在这个世界上的处境很奇怪。每个人短暂来访，不知原因。不过有时候似乎也会察觉到某种目的。然而，从日常生活的角度来看，有一样是确定的：人总是为了他人而活着。为了那些重要的人，他们的笑容和幸福是我们快乐的来源。也是为了数不清的陌生人，怜悯之心将我们与他们连系在一起。每天我都会多次意识到，我自己的物质生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立
6、在同胞的劳动之上的，他们或活着，或者已经逝去。意识到我必须多么努力地去付出，以回报我所得到的一切。总感觉我从他人的劳动成果中获取太多，为此我经常惴惴不安。总体上，在我看来，没完没了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意义是非常愚蠢的行为。然而，每个人都有自己的理想来指引自己的抱负和是非判断。始终在我面前闪耀着，让我深感活着的喜悦的理想是善、美和真理。以舒适和幸福为目的的理想从来不能吸引我。建立在这个基础之上的伦理体系只能适用于一群牲畜。2. 单选题About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law o
7、f classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero, and at absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin, or minus 273 degrees Celsius) reactions stop. Howeve
8、r, recent experimental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accou
9、nts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel” through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chem
10、istry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of
11、energy. A chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the wells, the height of which remain constant and ar
12、e called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature be
13、low which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the d
14、eep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays (high-energy protons and other particles) might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules woul
15、d be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generate
16、d excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the pre-biological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.According to the passage, classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the following ways?3.The authors attitude toward the theory of a cold pre-history of life can best be desc
