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1、(1) International business: it refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. (2) Commodity trade: exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in on
2、e country for consumption or resale in another. (3) Licensing: in licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. (4) Franchising: it can be regarded as a s
3、pecial form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. (5) Franchiser: it can be develop internationally and gai
4、n access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. (6) Management contract: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another withi
5、n a particular period for a flat payment of a percentage of the relevant business volume. (7) International turnkey project: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Pro
6、jects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. (1) GNP: (Gross National Product) GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labour owned by the residents of an economy. (2) GDP: (Gross Domestic Product) GDP measures the market value of al
7、l goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. It has been preferred by most countries since the 1990s. (3) Per capital GDP: It reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables. (4) OECD: It stands for the organization for Ec
8、onomic Cooperation and Development. It was established in 1961, by major capitalist nations with its headquarters in Paris. Its 29 members mostly of high-income countries. And only 6 are middle-income economies. The organization exists to promote economic cooperation development between this countri
9、es and between this developed countries and the developing countries. (5) PPP: It stands for Purchasing Power Parity, in Chinese it means “购买力平价”. (6) Triad: The term triad refers to the three richest regions of the world the United States. The European Union and Japan that offer the most important
10、business opportunities. (1) Free Trade Area: It is the first and loosest form of regional economic integration. Members of free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most no
11、table free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and a total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars. (2) Customs Union: It is the second form of regional economic i
12、ntegration. It goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Since imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff no matter which member they export to , it
13、 is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area. (3) The Common Market: It is the further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and services and adoption of
14、common external trade policy, factors of production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. (4) The Economic Union: It is the highest form of economic integration. It is characterized by integration of
15、the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. (5) APEC: It refers to Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, set up at the Ministerial Meeting in Australia. It has
16、a five-layer organizational structure. It was not exactly on organization but the official forum. In 1991, China joined APEC as a sovereign state. Its tenet and objects are inter-dependence mutual benefits, adopting an open and multilateral trading system and reducing trade barriers. (1) Economic Globalization: It has the basic feature of free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized al
