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1、Chapter 1 Invitation to LinguisticsLanguage厂 The Definition（语言的定义）The Design Features （本质特征）ArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement语言先天反射理论（语言的起源）The Origin Of Language The bow-bow theory The pooh-pooh theory The “yo-he-yotheoryJacobos （与 The Prague School 一致 ReferentialFunctions Of Language广deat
2、ionalHallidayInterpersonal.TextualPoetic Emotive Conative Phatic MetalingualJ The Basic Function Informative InterpersonalPerformativeEmotive functionPhatic communion （B.Malinowski 提出） Recreation function Metalingual functionLinguistics The DefinitionThe Main Branches of Linguistics 广 （微观语言学）Phoneti
3、csPhonologyMorphology Syntax SemanticsPragmaticsMacrolinguistics（宏观语言学）严 PsycholinguisticsSociolinguistics Anthropological Linguistics Computaioanl Linguistics、Important DistinctionsDescriptive & Prescriptive Synchronic&Diachronic Langue&Parole Competence&PerformanceChapter 2 Speech SoundsPhonetics
4、广 Acoustic Phonetics （声学语音学）语音学 Auditory Phonetics（听觉语言学）Articulatory Phonetics（发声语音学）Articulatory Phonetics（发声语音学）Phonology 音位理论f音系学Speech Organs/Vocal organs（lungs ,trachea,throat,nose.mouth）IPA/Diacritics变音符） ConsonantsThe definition The manner of articulation-The place of articulationVowelsThe d
5、efinitionThe sound of English:RP/GACardinal vowelsThe requirements of descriptionCoarticulationAnticipatory CoarticulationPerseverative CoarticulationPhonetics transcription -Narrow transcriptionBroad transcriptionMinimal Pairs （cut&put）Phone&Phonemes&Allophone（音 素 &音位&音位变体）音素是语音学研究的单位。人类在说语音时所发出的一切
6、音都是音素，有些音素 具有区别性价值，而有的没有。Feet/di:t/中有/f/,/i:/,/t/三个音素。音位是音系学研究 基本单位，它们具有区别性价值，是抽象的，是一组语音特征的集合，不是一个具 体的音。音位在特定的语音环境里的具体体现形式形成音位变体，同一语音在不的 语音环境里体现为不同的变体称之为音位变体。不送气/t/,/送气t-h/是/t/的音 位变体。Complementary DistributionFree variants（自由变体）/variation（自由变体现象） Phonological contrasts or opposition（音位对立）Distinctive
7、 Features（First developed by Jacobson as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or opposition to （Capture particular aspect of language sounds）progressive assimilationphonological Process 音系过程Assimilation_ Progressive assimilation厂 Phonological rules sequence ruleAssimilationEpenthes
8、is&Rules ordering&The elsewhere conditionSuprasegmental features 厂 The definitionThe syllable structure Rhyme (Rime)(nucleus/peak&coda)OnsetStressTonet IntonationChapter3 LexiconWordThe definitionThree sense of “wordIdentification of word厂A physically definable unitWord both as a general term and as
9、 a specific termWord is a grammatical unitStabilityRelative uninterruptibility、A minimum free formThe classification of wor Variable&In variable words Grammatical words&Lexical words (function words&content words)JParticlesWord Class (part of Speech)Closed-class words & Open-class wordsAuxiliariesPr
10、o-formDeterminersLexical changeThe change proper InventionBlendingAbbreviationAcronym Back-formationI Analogical creation Morpho-syntactical changeMorphological change Syntactical change(split infinitive /Postponed prepositions/ objective case of relative pronoun)Semantic Change了roadening(holiday)Na
11、rrowing(girl)Meaning shift/zero-derivation(conversion)I Folk-etymologyPhonological change(refers to the changes in sound leading to changes in form) (原因)factors LossAdditionMetathesis(换位)AssimilationOrthographic change( Changes can see in the graphitic level.Since writing is a recording of the sound
12、 system in English, phonological changes will no doubt set off graphitic changes)Morphology 厂 The main fields The inflectional morphology The derivational morphologyMorpheme 广 The definitionSememe&Morpheme&Phoneme&MorphemeThe classificationree &bound Morpheme-Root &Affix&stemInflectional affix&Deriv
13、ational affixPhonology & MorphologyChapter4 From Word to TextSyntax The definitionSyntactic Relation Positional relations(word order)F.de.Saussure syntagmatic relation(horizonal/chain relation一 个方面Relation of substitutabilityCassociative/paradigmaticrelations) Relation of Co-occurrenceTraditional Sy
14、ntaxCategoryGenderStructural SyntaxGenerative SyntaxFunctional SyntaxNumberCaseAgreement/concordsyntagmatic relations(组合关系)paradigmatic relations (聚合关系) IC analysis 厂 The definitionGrammatical construction ConstituentTree diagram&BracketingEndocentric&Exocentric Constructions/Coordination厂Syntax Function (subject/Predicate/Object)Syntax MovemenT NP Movement Aux-Movement I Wh-MovementDeep & Surface StructuresRulesGBVTheme&Rheme(主 位& 述位)FSP CD(communicative dynamism)It sees sentence(utterance) as the basic unitWithin the sentencePhrase&clause&sentenceconjoin
