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1、初中英语语法一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esthief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-
2、wives加-sbelief-beliefs, , roof-roofs, 4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, 7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, zoo
3、-zoos2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, group, government, population, team, public, par
4、ty6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, FrenchwomenIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the ea
5、rths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book有时也用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the）。I.
6、 不定冠词的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out5用于固定词组中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 6用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.7
7、用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon。3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较
8、级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派名词前the United States, , the French9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s10用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its,
9、 our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any,
10、 each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book availab
11、le, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on withII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently,
12、seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级
13、的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, any,。2. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.3 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three t
14、imes larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 5. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词常见介词有in、on、at 、since、 from、 after、to 、besides、except等，同学们在日常学习中应留心。六动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表
