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1、Task-Based Language TeachingDefinitionTask-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) refers to an approach based on the use of tasks as the core unit of planning and instruction in language teaching.The relationships between TBLT and Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)Task-based language teaching: a logical
2、development of CLT formed part of the communicative language teaching movement from the 1980s.Eg:Activities that involve real communication are essential for language learning Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks promote learning Language that is meaningful to the l
3、earner supports the learning process The role of tasks has received further support from some researchers in second language acquisition (SLA), who are interested in developing pedagogical applications of SLA. Task is regarded as the potential building blocks of SLA instruction. SLA research has foc
4、used on the strategies and cognitive process employed by second language learners Language learning is believed to depend on immersing students not merely in “comprehensible input” but in tasks that require them to negotiate meaning and engage in naturalistic and meaningful communication. The key as
5、sumptions of task-based instruction are summarized by Feez（1998:17) as :The focus is on process rather than procedure. Basic elements are purposeful activities and tasks that emphasize communication and meaning. Learner learn language by interacting communicatively and purposefully while engaged in
6、the activities and tasksActivities and tasks can be either: those that learners might need to achieve in real life; those that have a pedagogical purpose specific to the classroom. Activities and tasks of a task-based syllabus are sequenced according to difficulty. The difficulty of a task depends o
7、n a range of factors including the previous experience of the learner, the complexity of the task, the language required to undertake the task, and the degree of support availablewhat is “task” ?A task is an activity or goal that is carried out using language, such as finding a solution to a puzzle,
8、 reading a map, and giving directions, making a telephone call etc. Nunan (1989:10) offers this definition: the task is a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on me
9、aning rather than form. And also have a sense of complexity. “Task” first appeared in the vocational training practices of the 1950s. Task focus here first derived from training design concerns of military regarding new military technologies and occupational specialties of the period. Task analysis
10、initially focus on solo psychomotor tasks for which little communication or collaboration was involved, and largely manual tasks were translated into training tasks.Task-based training identified several key areas of concern:Analysis of real world task-use situationsThe translation of those into tea
11、ching task descriptionsThe detailed design of instructional tasksThe sequencing of instructional tasks in classroom training/teachingFour major categories of team performance function in task-based instructionOrientation function: process for generating and distributing information necessary to task
12、 accomplishment to team membersOrganizational function: process necessary for members to coordinate actions necessary for performanceAdaption function: process occurring as a team members adapt their performance to each other to complete the task Motivational function: defining team objectives and “
13、energizing the group to complete the taskWhat is academic task? The academic task is the mechanism through which the curriculum is enacted for students (Doyle 1983: 161) Academic tasks are defined as four important dimensions:The products students are asked to produceThe operations they are required
14、 to use in order to produce these productsThe cognitive operations required and resources availableThe accountability system involved Definition of a Task Prabhu: a task is “ an activities which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and whi
15、ch allows teachers to control and regulate that process.” Crookes : a task is “ a piece of work or an activity, usually with a specified objective, undertaken as part of an educational course, at work, or used to elicit data for research.”Willis (1996) proposes six task types built on more or less t
16、raditional knowledge hierarchies.listing(列举型任务)work in groups: for a healthy lifestyle, what you should do and shouldnt do. make a list (brainstorming, fact-finding)ordering and sorting(排序与分类型任务) In the lesson of How to make a milk shake?, disturb the main process, then rearrange them according to the actual ordercomparing (比较型任务）What things are the same at Spring
