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1、 宾语补足语讲义双宾语与复合宾语双宾语是指句中包含两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,另一个是间接宾语。即“双宾语=直接宾语+间接宾语”,往往指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语,他们之间是非主谓关系;复合宾语是指句中包含一个宾语和一个宾语补足语,即“复合宾语=宾语+宾语补足语”,一般情况下(除过去分词作宾补外)宾语与宾补为逻辑主谓关系。1. I bought her a new MP3 player as a birthday present.(双宾语)2. She considered the MP3 player I bought very precious.(宾语补足语)3. We all cal
2、l him Wang old.(宾语补足语)宾语补足语:宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充说明,使句子结构变的更加完整,这个成分我们称之为宾语补足语。它和前面的宾语一起形成“复合宾语”它可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或动词不定式等。一般包含宾语补足语的句型有两种形式,即“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”和“介词+宾语+宾语补足语”。1. 形容词作宾语补足语,常见的动词有:make, keep, get, find, wish, leave, see, consider等。Li Ming finds it necessary to reply.Who left
3、 the window open?2. 名词作宾语补足语,常见的接宾补结构的动词有:call, name, think, make, find, consider等。例如:They all consider her a good student.We call him Lao Li.3. 动词make, let, hear, watch, see, have, notice等使役和感官动词之后用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,但这种结构变为被动语态时,不定式就必须带to。例如:I saw Tom take away the magazine. Please omit overlook neg
4、lect被动结构: The magazine was seen to take away by Tom4. 带to do动词不定式作宾语补足语,此类动词有ask, tell, want, wish等.。例如:The teachers asked us to study hard from then on.5. 分词作宾语补足语,现在分词作宾补表示宾语正在进行的动作;过去分词作宾补表示与宾语之间是被动关系。例如:I saw a little girl drawing under the tree.When we got to the classroom, we found the door lo
5、cked.6. 介词短语作宾语补足语。例如:The police found the lost boy in a wooden house.7. 副词作宾语补足语。例如:I found her out just now.特别提醒宾语和宾语补足语之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系;而双宾语则没有这种关系。试比较:The soft music makes us relaxed. 这个柔美的音乐使我们放松了。(relaxed是宾语us的补足语,两者之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可以说We are relaxed.)The football game brought us a lot of fun. 这场足球赛
6、带给我们无穷的快乐。(us和a lot of fun是动词brought的双宾语。两者并不是主谓关系,不可以说We are a lot of fun.)-不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型:一、许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do”。例如:My boss told me to type out two letters.分析:句中“My boss”做主语,“told”作谓语,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。They forbade her to leave the country.Please r
7、emind me not to be late for the meeting.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,re-quest,require,teach,tell,want,warn等。二、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I consider him to be the best candida
8、te.分析:句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。I know him to be a liar.I suppose him to be away from home.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+to be”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:consider,declare,discover,feel,find,suppose等。三、有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He saw her enter the room.分析:句中“He”做主语,“saw”作谓语,“he
9、r”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。She wont let me do it.I heard her lock the door.We watched the children play games.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,observe,see,watch等。还有两个词组:listen to,look at.注意:这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加to。请看下列句子,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。例如:A child was seen to enter the buil
10、ding.She was often heard to sing this song.四、help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to(美国人不加to时较多),但被动结构中要加to。例如:Ill help you(to) push the cart.分析:句中“I”做主语,“will help”作谓语,“you”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。上句的被动语态为:Youll be helped to push the cart.五、有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He shouted to me to come over.分析:句中“He”做主语,“sh
11、outed”作谓语,“to”为介词,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子,句子的结构为“动词+介词+宾语+to do”,划线部分为不定式,作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。I depend on you to do it.I am counting on you to help me through.高中范围内,适用于“动词+介词+宾语+to do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:shout to sb.to do,call on sb. to do,count on sb. to do,depend on sb. to do,wait for sb. to do等。六、作宾语补
12、足语的不定式,表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生,就需要用完成形式:He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.分析:句中“He”做主语,“was known”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由句意可知,“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前,“大家知道”发生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。They are believed to have discussed the problem.七、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式:He is believed to be
13、 living in Mexico.分析:句中“He”做主语,“isbelieved”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况,故用不定式的进行形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.He is thought to be hiding in the woods.间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时。例如:She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.八、不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式:he didnt want her son to be taken away.分析:句中“She”做主语,“didnt want”作谓语,“her son”作宾语,由于“her son”与“take away”之间为被动关系,故用被动形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。Id like this room to be redecorated.He didnt wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.-