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1、附录附录A.Manual TransmissionIts no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual tra
2、nsmission actually work?A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While its logical for many types of todays vehicles to be equipped with an automatics
3、uch as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickupthe fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now lets take a look at how th
4、ey work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, b
5、olts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the tr
6、ansmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and a transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and fr
7、ont wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside the transmission change the vehicles drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torqueLower(numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standsti
8、ll.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmissions and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft geara series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates a
9、ny time the clutch is engaged to a running engine，whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral. There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basicand now obsoletesliding-gear type，nothing is turning inside the transmissio
10、n case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaf
11、t, which is mounted directly above the cluster. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engines power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver
12、 has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds. All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. How
13、ever，all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, ev
14、en when the transmission is in neutral. Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub thats positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving shift linkage mov
15、es the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully synchronized manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typica
16、lly consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates，lock rings（or springs）and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings，the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment. A synchros inner hub and sleeve are made of steel, but the blocking ringthe part of the synchro that rubs on
