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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Before the mid-1860s, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the center of the country. At the point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steam
2、boats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching, and steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders. Each new “end of track” became a center for animal-drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effec
3、t of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older,slower,and more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870s and 1880s and into the 1890s.Over constantly shrinking routes, coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the ra
4、ils had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the late 1860s, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains City of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier
5、of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad Bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skeptici
6、sm that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of deserts, mountains and semiarid plains could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of “premature enterprise” where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private inve
7、stment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad Bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it was a national necessity to link East and West together.1.Why does the author refer to the impact of railroa
8、ds before the late 1860s as “limited”?2.What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?3.Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2?4.Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed?问题1选项A.Because passengers preferred wag
9、ons and stagecoaches.B.Because other modes of transportation had to be employed.C.Because they were only center for waterborne transportation.D.Because the track did not take direct route from one city to the next.问题2选项A.They developed competing routes.B.Their drivers refused to work for the railroa
10、ds.C.They began to specialize in private investment.D.There were insufficient trained people to operate them.问题3选项A.To point out the location of a serious train accident.B.To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central Pacific.C.To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken.D.
11、To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.问题4选项A.Because of a worry that little benefit would be gained.B.Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled plain.C.Because of a change of the plan owing to the high cost.D.Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons【答
12、案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860s as “limited”? 1. 为什么作者说19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”？A. Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches. A. 因为乘客们更喜欢马车。B. Because other modes of transportation had to be employed. B. 因为必须
13、使用其他运输方式。C. Because they were only center for waterborne transportation. C. 因为它们只是水上交通的中心。D. Because the track did not take direct route from one city to the next. D. 因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段前两句“在19世纪60年代中期之前，铁路对美国的影响是有限的，从某种意义上说，铁路的终点是密苏里河，大约是国家的中心。这时，火车把货物、邮件和乘客转交给轮船、马车和公共马
14、车。”，从中我们可以推断出，19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”，是因为必须要使用其他运输方式。B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“因为乘客们更喜欢马车”和D项“因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市”没有提及，无中生有；C项“因为它们只是水上交通的中心”，这是蒸汽划船和马车运输等其他运输方式成为铁路运输补充的结果，与题干无关，张冠李戴。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded? 2. 随着铁路的扩张，我们可以推断出关于客车和马车货船的什么？A
15、. They developed competing routes. A. 他们开发了相互竞争的路线。B. Their drivers refused to work for the railroads. B. 他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作。C. They began to specialize in private investment. C. 他们开始专门从事私人投资。D. There were insufficient trained people to operate them. D. 没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在不断缩小的路线
16、上，马车和货车继续在西部尚未铺设铁路的地方纵横交错”，从中可知，随着铁路的扩张，传统的货运方式逐渐衰落，但是在火车线路不能到达的地方，他们仍在扩展相互竞争的路线。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作”、C项“他们开始专门从事私人投资”和D项“没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们”没有提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2? 3. 为什么作者在第2段中提到内华达山脉？A. To point out the location of a serious
