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1、了for completed actionsExercisesOther terminology: aspectual particle 了1. When should I use it?When you want to express that an action is completed. Normally了should be placed after main verbs or at the end of sentences.t他HEmi le买了BUYLEsn zhng pio三张 票THREE ZHANG TICKETSHe has bought 3 tickets.t她SHEbji
2、 n li le把酒 拿来 了BA WINETAKE (TOWARDS)LEShe has brought the wine.2. When should I place the了at the end of a sentence, and when should I place it after the main verb of a sentence?1. If the object of a sentence is a simple one i.e. a noun, which is not attached to a numberand measure word, and not atta
3、ched to a descriptive clause (的clause),了can be placed at the end of the sentence. In this case the particle了has many functions: it may indicate the completed action, or a change of situation, it may also indicate an imminent action.s. v. o. lewmen ch fn le我们吃饭了.WEEAT MEAL LEWehave eaten.Completed ac
4、tionNow we are eating.(We didnt eat before.) Change of situationWe are about to eat.(我们要吃饭了.)3. Is it incorrect if I place了after the verb in a simple-object sentence?No, it is not incorrect, but it seems as if the sentence is not yet finished. It may look like the first clause of theverb了.就.construc
5、tion. For example (Also see pattern 5.),tch le fn. (jiq kndinyng)他吃了饭. (就去看电影.)HEEAT LE MEAL. (JIU GO SEE FILM)After he finishes the meal.(hell go to see a film.)4. Can I place了at the end of a sentence that has a complex object?No. If the object of a sentence is a complicated one, i.e. it is precede
6、d by a number word and measure word, or a descriptive clause,了is placed after the main verb of the sentence.s. v. le num.mw. o.t ch le ling wn fn他吃了两碗 饭.HEEATLE TWO BOWLSRICEHe has eaten two bowls of rice.5. Where should I place了if a sentence has a time measure?If an action is attached to a time mea
7、sure (e.g., duration , length of time) or an action measure (e.g., many times),了is placed after the main verb. The following three alternative patterns share the same feature, that is, they have了after the main verbs.s. v. le tm.(am.)de o. (le)t他HExu le ling ninde zhngwn (le)学 了两年的中文 (了*)STUDY LE TWO
8、 YEAR DE CHINESE (LE)He studied Chinese for 2 years.s. v. o. v. le tm.(am.) (le)t xu zhngwn他学中文xu le ling nin (le)学了两年 (了)o. s.v. le tm.(am.) (le)zhngwn t中文他n ge dinyng w那个电影我xule ling nin (le)学了两年 (了)kn le ling bin (le)看了两遍 (了*)I have watched that film twice.n sh w nin qin de sh le wmensh du nin de
9、lo pngyou le那是五年前的事了. 我们是多年 的老朋友了.THAT IS FIVE YEAR AGO DE MATTER LE WE ARE MANY YEARS DE OLD FRIEND LEThat incident happened 5 years ago We have been old friend for many years.6. Is a time measure placed after了in a negative sentence?No, negative sentences of this kind are normally in a different wo
10、rd order. The time-measure should be placed before the negation没. For instance, if you want to say: I havent eaten Chinese food for ages. It should be in the following word order:s. tm. neg. v. o. lew我Iho ji好久LONG TIMEmi没NOTch zhnggu ci le吃中国菜了EAT CHINESE FOOD LEI havent eaten Chinese food for a lon
11、g time.7. Do I have to put the time-measures before没in all negative sentences?No. If you want to deny an affirmative statement which has a time-measure, then the time-measure should be placed after the main verb.s. neg. v. tm. o.w mi xu sn nin zhngwn, w zh xu le ling nin我没学三年中文,我只学了两年.I NOTLEARN3 YE
12、AR CHINESE, I ONLY LEARN LE 2 YEAR)I didnt learn Chinese for 3 years, I only did for 2 years.8. Do I have to put了after every verb in a sentence, if the sentence has a sequence of actions?If a sequence of actions in the sentence are completed,了is usually placed after the last verb of the sentence.s. v.1 o.1 v.2 le (tm. ) o.2t他HEq zhnggu去中国GO CHINA
