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1、主动语态和被动语态一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。 例如：Many people speak English. (谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的) 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.(主语English是动词speak的承受者) 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句
2、就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。时态构成例句一般现在时S+ am/ is/ are +doneEnglish is widely used all over the world.S+ am/ is/ are + not +doneThey are no
3、t invited to the party.Am/ Is/ Are + S+ done?Am I chosen to the game?一般过去时S+ was / were +doneBooks were made by hand in the past.S+ was/ were + not +doneIt was not used by people.Was / Were S +doneWere ideas spread quickly in the past?一般将来时S+ will be +doneBooks will be replaced by computer in the fu
4、ture.S+ will not be +doneBooks will not be replaced by computer in the future.Will +S+ be + done?Will books be replaced by computer in the future?现在完成时S +has/ have been+ doneThousands of trees have been planted since 2000.S+ has/ have+ not+ been+ doneThis car has not been used for long time.Has/ Hav
5、e + S+ been+ done?Have the books been published yet?情态动词S+ can/may/must +be+ doneThe room must be cleaned twice a week.S+ can/may/must + not+ be+ doneHis ideas may not be accepted.Can/May/Must +S + be + done?Can the work be done on time?三、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were st
6、olen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。 This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。 (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1
7、)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过
8、分”来使用。小试牛刀：1. Mary can carry out the plan on time。 2.Some one stole our new computers last night. . 3. They elected her leader of the group. 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch c
9、an be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. They should do it at once. It should be done at once.小试牛刀：【2011天津】Today a lot of information can _ online. A. receive B. be received C. is received D. receiving【2012广西贵港】Waste paper _ everywhere. Its our duty to keep t
10、he school clean. A. throws B. are thrown C. shouldnt be thrown D. should be thrown【2011山东聊城】 As everyone knows, rubbish _ everywhere.A. need be thrown B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may throw六、特别留意。1）主动句中的主语如果是people，they，somebody等含糊的表示“人或人们”，没有确指执行者是谁，为被动句时，通常省略“by + 执行者”。例如：The door was open
11、ed secretly. But nobody came in. 门被偷偷打开了，但是没有人进来。2）相当于及物动词的短语动词可用被动语态，但是要注意不能漏掉短语的介词或副词。例如：The old should be taken good care of. 要好好照顾老人。3）在主动句里，不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面做宾语补足语时都要不带to，但变成被动句时，后面的不定式都需要带to。例如：He was made to do that work. 他被要求去做那项工作。小试牛刀：【2011呼和浩特】 At last the boy was made and began to l
12、augh. A. stop crying B. to to stop to cry C. to stop crying D. stop to cry【2011山东枣庄】In the past the children were made _15 hours a day.A. to lock B. work C. to work D. lock【2012 甘肃兰州】 In many places in China, the old over 90 not only by their family but also by the government. A. is taking good care
13、 B. are taken good care of C. is taking good care of D. are taken good care七、不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear、die、disappear、end (vi. 结束)、fail、happen、last、lie、remain、sit、spread、stand 、break out、come true、 fall asleep、 keep silence、 lose heart、take place. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及
14、物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 小试牛刀：1、My dream has . A.came true B. been came true C. come true
