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1、2022年高考英语大二轮复习 第二部分 阅读理解 专题十四 科普知识类阅读+完形填空+短文改错优选习题.阅读理解A(2018吉林长春二模)Sleep repairs the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system.However,many adults do not get eight hours of sleep each night.The average sleep time an adult today gets is only 6.4 hours.Only in re
2、cent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because ce
3、rtain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.In one study,thirteen healthy adult subjects(实验对象) who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a lab during a period of 35 hours.Duri
4、ng the experiment,the subjects were asked to perform several tasks,such as mathematics and word problems,while undergoing scans of their brain activity.The researchers found that the temporal lobe(颞叶) of the brain,the region involved in language processing,was active during speech tasks in rested su
5、bjects but not in subjects who lacked enough sleep.After several hours without sleep,there was no activity within this region.Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction timethus causing a serious risk of accident.In one study of drivers,
6、researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.5 percent,the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries.The researchers co
7、ncluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.【语篇解读】本文介绍缺少睡眠给人带来的影响。研究表明睡眠剥夺对大脑活动有不利的影响,它和醉酒有同样的危险性。1.What does the underlined word “deprivation” in the first paragraph mean?A.Weakness.B.Loss.C.Disfort.D.Pain.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Only
8、 in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.”的关键词seriousness“严重”,可知是缺觉带来的严重性。画线词的意思是“缺少,损失”,故选B项。2.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of sleep deprivation EXCEPT .A.jet lagB.long work hoursC.boring workD.
9、working at night答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.”可知,句中提到了A、B、D三项,故选C项。3.What does the author intend to determine by the study described in Paragraph 2?A.How many hours people can survive without sleep.B.How peo
10、ple react when their sleep is interrupted.C.The changes in brain activity that occurs during sleep.D.The effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical acti
11、vity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.”可知,研究目的是确定睡眠剥夺对大脑活动的影响。故选D项。4.Why does the author mention blood alcohol level in Paragraph 3?A.To show how sleep deprivation reduces the blood alcohol level.B.To show that sleep deprivation has the same dangerous ef
12、fects as being drunk.C.To suggest that sleep-deprived drivers are also likely to drink.D.To argue against raising the legal limit for drunk driving.答案B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction timethus causing a serious
13、risk of accident.In one study of drivers,researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.”可知,作者提到血醇水平是为了表明睡眠剥夺和醉酒有同样的危险性。故选B项。B(2018广西钦州三模)Americans are worried about new technology.They are concerned that machines,including robots,will take over work now done by huma
14、ns.These findings e from a new report by the Pew Research Center of Washington D.C.About 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew say automation will increase ine inequality between the rich and the middle class and the poor.And 64 percent of people expect automation to be so mon in America that pe
15、ople will face difficulty finding things to do with their lives.Some of the concerns about technology e from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision.Many Americans believe humans have better judgment in dealing with plex matters.One example is selecting a person for a j
16、ob.Three quarters of Americans say they will not want to apply for a job that uses a puter program to choose the most qualified person.Most Americans want the government to limit automation,for example,87 percent support a requirement that all driverless vehicles have a human in the drivers seat who can take control when needed.And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are
