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1、高一英语语法知识（10）动名词(Gerund)动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词的一些特征 。一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语Reading is an art. Climbing mountains is really fun. Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用
2、。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. It is fun playing with children.动名词作主语的几种类型： 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况：1）直接位于句首做主语。如： Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2）用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。
3、 动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。如： It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3）用于“There be”结构中。如： There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。 4）用
4、于布告形式的省略结构中。如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). No parking. 动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较： 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。 2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is
5、 fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语： It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. 3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen.
6、5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2、作宾语1）作动词的宾语下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon； admit, delay/ put off, fancy/, imagine; avoid, miss, keep / keep on, pract
7、ice; deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate; cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, 另加：forbid, risk此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in),
8、 have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。The squirrels was lucky that it just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.2）作介词的宾语We are thinking of m
9、aking a new plan for the next term.Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 3）作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once.We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning th
10、e windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga rea
11、ding room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 二、动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻
12、辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. Janes being careless caused so much trouble. Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 注意：在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer?The fat
13、her insisted on his sons/his son going to college. Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset.His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：1).无命名词The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。2) 有生命名词但表示泛指意义Have you ever heard of women practis
14、ing boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？3) 两个以上的有生命名词并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people.
15、 Being careless is not a good habit.2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者时，动名词用被动语态。1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public.2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 3）有某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：Excuse me for being late. Thank you for giving us so much help. I dont remember ever me
