《考研15堂语法课 第2堂》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研15堂语法课 第2堂（13页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、LECTURE 2 名词性从句本堂目标：熟悉四种名词从句主语从句特征，重点掌握it结构的主语从句与强调句型的区别、宾语从句中的否定 后移、名词从句的嵌套结构等，学会快速分析长难句。基础预习所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分。名词性从句一般可在句 子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。于是我们就有了常说的四种名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句 和同位语从句。名词性从句一律都用陈述语气。【名词性从句总结表】从句引导词连词关系代词关系副词主语从句that, whether, if（不能放句 首）what, whatever, who, whoever, who
2、se, whosever, which, whicheverwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why表语从句that, whether, because, as, as if, as thoughwhen, where, how, why 等宾语从句that, whether, ifwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why同位语从 句that, whether一、主语从句主语从句是指作主语的从句，有三种类型：1 由that引导的主语从句that引导的主语从句是最常见的主语从句
3、，但把that从句放在句首是很少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时, that从句才放在句首。一般而言，that从句都借助形式主语it而放在句子后部分去。复习主语从句时重点注意形式 主语的使用。主语从句无论出现在哪里，that都不能省略。由that引导的主语从句主要有以下几类：分类常见结构It be+ 名词 +that 从句It is a pity that可惜的是It is a fact that.事实是.It is good news that真实太好了。It is no wonder that.难怪It is common knowledge that是常识。It be+形容词 +that从
4、句It is possible that.很可能.It is certain that.可以相信It is necessary that.有必要.It is likely that.很可能.It is fortunate that.幸运的是It is+过去分词 +that从句It is believed that.人们相信It is said that.据说.It is reported that.据扌报道It is generally thought that.人们普遍认为.It has been found out that.现已发现It should be noted that.应当注意
5、到It+不及物动词+that从句It seems that.似乎It happens that.碰巧It follows that因此；由此可见It turns out that.结果证明是其他结构It occurs to sb. that.某人突然想起.It dawns upon/on sb. that.某人突然想起.It makes no difference that无所谓。It doesnt need to be bothered that.不必担忧It is of little consequence that无关紧要。【例】(99-Passage 3)It should be ob
6、served, of course,no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.【点睛】It作形式主语，主语从句that no school.over its purpose是句子的真正主语。【译文】当然应该看到的是，不管是职业学校、还是普通学校，目标混乱都是有害无益的。【例】It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10, 000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1
7、, 500 to 2, 000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.【点睛】It作形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】据估计，自动公路系统一个小时能够处理10000辆汽车，而目前一条公路只能容纳1500到2000辆。2. 由连接代(副)词引导的主语从句连接代词who, which和连接副词when, where, why, how都可引导主语从句，这些连接词在从句中作主语、宾 语或状语，不可省略。由它们引导的主语从句，也可用形式主语it引导。【例】It is no mystery to me why ma
8、ny teenagers appear apathetic and burned out, with a “been there, done that air of difference toward much of it.【点睛】It作形式主语，why引导的主语从句为真正的主语。【译文】我一点都不奇怪为什么许多青少年表现得麻木不仁、无精打采。对生活抱着一种“都见过了，都经历过 了”的无所谓态度。3 .由关系代词what或whatever引导的主语从句what以及whatever等关系代词都可引导主语从句，它们在主语从句中担当成分，不可省略。 【例】(99-Passage 5)What thi
9、s amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.【点睛】导的从句 What this amounts to 作句子的主语，that the scientist.his own writings 为表语从句。【译文】当然，这无异于说这位科学家已成为自己所写的报告的牺牲品。二、宾语从句在句子中担当宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做宾语从句。宾语从句使用的连词、关系代词、关系副词等 与主语从句和表语从句一样是that， whether， who， wh- +ever等词。1
10、 宾语从句的时态在写作中值得注意的是，宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态时(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)从句的时态可根据实际情况而定(可以是 任意时态)。【例 1】(05-Text 1)But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.【点睛】本句的主干
11、结构是a study suggests that。此处that引导宾语从句；主句用的一般现在时，从句根据实际 情况也用的一般现在时。【译文】但是，由佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫里大学的沙拉布鲁斯南和弗兰斯德威尔发表在自然杂志上的研 究表明，猴子身上也有这样的行为。当主句是过去的时态时(一般过去时，过去进行时)从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态(一般过去时，过 去进行时，过去将来时和过去完成时)。【例 2】(06-Text 4)In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was th
12、e church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.【点睛】that their souls were in danger 和 that they would someday be meat for worms 为并列的宾语从句，作 reminded 的宾语。reminded用了一般过去时，所以其后的宾语从句也用了相应的过去时态。【译文】在西方，在大众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的大众媒体是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂
13、处于危险 之中，他们总有一天会成为蠕虫的食物。但某些特殊的动词如suggest, insist, order, urge, recommend等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，详细讲解请参照 “虚拟语气讲堂”。【例 3】(99-Passage 4)Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment 一 although no one
14、 had proposed to do so 一 and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.【点睛】order后接that引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句的谓语用了虚拟语气“(should) +动词原形”的形式，即be used for。【译文】他宣布反对利用这
15、种非同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，下令不能用联邦基金去做这样的实验一一尽管还 没有人提议要那么做一一并责成由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德夏皮罗主持的独立专家小组在90天内就人类克隆的 国策建议，向白宫汇报。2.介词宾语从句1) that引导的从句作介词的宾语介词后一般不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides, but, except, in ,前三个介词+连 词被整体看则引导条件状语从句，in that引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的that已被当成固定搭配作复合连 接词使用。【例】I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。I know nothing about him except that he is an engineer.除了知道他是一个工程师之外，我对他的情况一无所知。 He differed from other people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都 看得远些。2) 关系词引导的从句作介词宾语从句【例】(
