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1、写作填空题ExpositionOn the basis of controlling purpose we traditionally divide all prose into three kinds： narration, description, and exposition.Exposition is writing that explains.If the writer intends to tell us how something looks, to re-create the thing in wordsr we may call it description. A narra
2、tive arranges its material in time Description most often organizes in spaceExposition otganizes its subject by logicWe find that paragraphs of exposition contain two different kinds of statements The first- a general, rather abstract statement- is called the topic sentence.The expository writer, th
3、erefore, uses the common methods of logic and thinking： he develops his material by offering examples as evidence, by comparing and contrasting, by making analogies, by restating, by giving reasons, by classifying and dividing his subject, by show in g cause and effect, by def ining, by arguing from
4、 premise to conclusi on.DefinitionDefinition is in fact a form of expository writing.A definition is the effort to distinguish an entity from all other things for the purpose of being able to recognize it or in some way to understand it.Methods of definition1. Analysis. The type consists of placing
5、a word in a large class called the genus and then differentiating the word from other members of that class This method, as old as Aristotle, results in the dictionary kind of definition.2. Synthesis This form of definition relates the thing-to_be一defined to something already familiar to the reader
6、or listener. It often reveals the thing-to-be-defined as part of some larger whole3. Negative Definition. Which helps to define a thing by making clear what it is not 4 Exempt ification. Often appearing as an aid to definition by analysis or by synthesis is definition by example5 Synonyms Almost as
7、fami1iar as definition by example is definition by synonyms Types of clef in iti on1. Consensual Definition2. Stipulative Definition3. Normative DefinitionJudgmentJudgment, requires the writer to look at both sides of an issue, to find out what evidence exists and present it clearly, and finally to
8、draw a conclusion.In argument persuasion is the main purpose The writer of argument must perforce take sides, be attorney either for the pla in tiff or for the defense The writer of judgme nt is more like a referee He must liste n to what can be said both for and aga in st, and then he must decide-a
9、s objectively and as intelligently as he can- where the truth lies.Good judgme nt writing requires more than facility with words One must beg in by learn ing what he can about the matter in hand Secondly, the writer of judgment must present the facts clearly and in coherent order Fin ally, since fac
10、ts alone are ofte n not enough, the writer needs to be able to draw the proper inferences.ArgumentThe esse nee of the argume nt is reason, and reason may work in two ways： by deduction and by induction. The first argues from general premise to particular conclusion； the second from particular fact t
11、o broad conclusion.Deductive argumentation is usually cast in the form of a logical syllogism. At its simplest a syllogism contains two premises and an inference that necessarily follows from themIf the major premise and the minor premise are true, the inferenee, or conclusion The stude nt who wishe
12、s to argue well should con suit 1) a good textbook, 2) master at least the rudiments of logic, 3) and train himself to detect the common fallacies We may conclude： 1) that it must beg in fTom true premises, 2) that it must derive its conclusions from these premises according to the rules of inferene
13、e.Like the syllogism, induction will be fallacious when it fails to observe certain rules, which may be called the laws of evidenee.Evidenee must be accurate, relevant and complete.All evidenee must observe these rules； the evidenee itself may take different forms Three are most frequent： common knowledge, specific examples, statistical data.
