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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上26 With different office factions campaigning, often simultaneously, for both warmer and coldertemperatures, and employees jockeying for cubicle position, office administrators need the wisdom ofSolomon to prevent civil war and keep the work place functioning day after day. Employee ene
2、rgylevels, job turnover , absenteeism, job satisfaction all these factors add up a companysproductivity, and all are inextricably bound up in employeesoffice design. Most of the thousands ofopenplan offices in this country are based on the assumption of averages: average needs, averagetasks and, if
3、taken to its logical end, average people. Yet, because these averages are distilled tothe point of uselessness, a significant percentage of office workers remain dissatisfied with theirsurroundings.与不同的办公室派别竞选活动，常常同时，较正常温暖及较冷的温度和隔间群雄逐鹿的雇员，办公室管理员需要防止内战和保持运作一天又一天的工作地方所罗门的智慧。雇员能量水平、 工作营业额、 旷工、 工作满意度所有这
4、些因素加起来一家公司的生产效率，和所有不可分割的联系 employeesoffice 设计中绑定。成千上万的 openplan 办事处在这个国家的大多数基于平均值的假设： 平均需要、 平均任务和，如果采取其逻辑终点，一般人。然而，这些平均值蒸馏水点不起作用，因为办公室工作人员的很大一部分仍不满意他们的环境。The problem is compounded by the fact that many open office systems have been rendereddysfunctional by constant configuration; although cubicle pa
5、nels are often designed for flexiblerelocation, lighting and duct work usually are not. Today, the major thrust of state of the artoffice design technology has been in the direction of personalized office environments. By givingcontrol of environmental factors, such as lighting and air flow, to indi
6、vidual workers in their ownwork spaces, companies are hoping to avoid the standard pitfalls of open office systems.问题的复杂的是，许多开放式办公系统呈现功能失调的常量配置 ；虽然隔间板往往针对灵活搬迁，照明和风管工作通常不是。今天，先进的办公室设计技术的主要目的已个性化的办公环境的方向。通过他们自己的工作空间中，个别工人给环境因素，例如照明和空气流动，控制，公司希望避免公开办公系统的标准的陷阱。Volker Hartkopf, professor of architecture
7、and director of the Center for Building Performanceand Diagnostics at Carnegie Mellon University, and Vivian Loftness, associate professor ofarchitecture, have done intensive studies of open offices and new“intelligent offices. ”According toHartkipf,“most buildings simply do not meet the standards w
8、e think they do. ”As an example,Hartkopf cites the case of the Place de la Chaudiere, a Canadian government building in Ottawa whereconstant growth and reconfiguration of office panels made the HVAC systems less and less capableuntil they were totally inadequate in providing thermal comfort and good
9、 air quality. In response to thebuildings growing insufficiencies, the employees staged a walk out, demanding better physicalworking conditions. Hartkopf and Loftnesss research has focused on buildings primarily in Japanand West Germany in which individual control of office functions have, to varyin
10、g degrees, beengiven over to workers. For example, at the Umeda Center in Osaka, distributed heat pumps were usedrather than a standard central heating system; 12 pumps were installed per floor, one for every four orfive work stations. Heating and cooling could thus be controlled by a collective dec
11、ision of themembers of any particular cluster of work stations.福尔克 哈特科普夫教授的体系结构和建筑性能和卡内基 梅隆大学和薇薇安洛夫特尼斯，副教授的体系结构，在诊断研究中心主任做了深入的研究开放办公室和新的智能办公室。Hartkipf，根据以大多数建筑只是不符合我们认为他们做的标准。作为一个例子，哈特科普夫引述绍迪耶地方德拉尔，加拿大政府在渥太华凡不断增长与重构的办公室事务委员会作出暖通空调系统越来越少能够直到它们完全不足提供热舒适和空气质素良好建设的情况。响应这座大楼的日益增长不足，雇员上演一走，苛刻的物理更好的工作条件。哈特
12、科普夫和洛夫特尼斯的研究重点主要在日本、 西德的建筑物，在单独控件的功能，在不同的程度，给了工人的办公室。例如，在大阪梅田中心，分布式的热泵用而不是标准的中央供暖系统 ；每层，一个用于每个四个或五个工作地点安装了 12 泵。因此可以由集体决定的工作地点的任何特定群集的成员控制加热和冷却。In addition, workers at the Umeda Center were given individual control of overhead lighting intheir particular areas with an on / off button on their comput
13、er keyboards. According to loftness, astrong workerscouncil in Germany has helped raise building standards there to a much higher levelthan in many other industrial nations. In response to the problem of people getting too far removedfrom natural light and air, Germany has adopted a voluntary standa
14、rd stating that a worker should bestationed no more than seven meters ( 23ft. ) from a window. The Germans have also pioneered the useof raised floor ducting, by which air can be routed from the floor rather than the ceiling,allowing forgreater air circulation此外，在梅田中心工作者受到单个控件在其特定领域具有架空照明的开 / 关在他们的计
15、算机键盘上的按钮。洛夫特尼斯，在德国的强 workerscouncil 有助提高建筑标准那里要比其他许多工业国家程度更高。响应问题的人变得太远从自然光线和空气，德国从窗口中通过了自愿标准说明一个工人应被派驻不超过七米 (23 英尺）。德国人也已率先架空的地板导热，其中空气可以从地板，而不是天花板，路由的使用允许拥有空气流通In most U. S. Systems, the diffusion of air takes place through ceiling; the result of thismethod, says Hartkopf, is that“there is good mi
16、xing of air at the ceiling level, but not appropriatemixing at the ground level where partitions can create pockets of stale air. ”In the planning of theColonial Insurance building in Cologne, workers were actually consulted on their specific needs anddesires for their offices. The workers requested operable windows, and indeed their wish wasgranted; the Colonial building, which house
