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1、The Problem of Evil-A Universal IssueSeen From Western PerspectivesContentsAbstract (English)Abstract (Chinese)1Introducing the issue -32Biblical basis of the problem of evil -42.1Adamic myth2.2The new testament between God and Man3Theological perspectives on the problem of evil -53.1Philosophical m
2、ethods3.2Augustine s theodicy3.3Pre-Augustine and post-Augustine reflections4Intellectual exploration and trends of development -114.1The trends in modern ages4.2Contemporary significance5Conclusion -13AcknowledgementReferencesAppendix1The Problem of Evil-A Universal Issue Seen From Western Perspect
3、ivesAbstract:Human race had had the capability to land on Moon, to travel in the outer space for decades,but no one in the race dare to declare his control of his inner space after thousands of yearefforts. This article is going to give a brief glance on western peoples perennial efforts indealing w
4、ith the problem of evil, which is believed to be an irreducible nature of beings in western theology. I ll present the arguments hold by Augustine and his profound influence on later reformers and the whole Christianity. Though it s mostly concerning with the theological aspects, I also paid attenti
5、on to the philosophical explanations and its practicalmeaning for us. Then the introduction of modern situation, starting from Nietzsche, wouldstimulate the readers interest in connecting the reality with the abstract concept of evil. Andmy own designed survey, to some extent, will show the contempo
6、rary attitude towards the issue.Key words：evil, Bible, Augustine, theodicy,摘要尽管人类登上月球、遨游太空的梦想早在几十年前就以实现，但至今人类几千年的努力也没能让我们真正的了解自己的内在世界。本文将对西方神学中认为是人性中不可克服的罪恶因素进行简单分析；将具体分析奥古斯丁对这一问题的观点，及其对改教者和整个基督教是影响。虽然文章的大量分析是来自神学观点，但也引入了哲学思想。而接下来对于现代状况的介绍，尤其是尼采之后，希望能引导读者把理论与实践相联系从而分析实际问题。我的调查分析将从一定程度上反映当代人对于罪恶问题的态度
7、。关键词：罪恶，圣经，奥古斯丁，神正论21. Introducing the issueThe most important thing in the world is to know oneself.-Montaigne (1533-1592)When someone tells a lie, pretends to be what he isnt, or tried his best to survive by anykind of means; we always say “Thats Man! ”and it seems that most of us have a consensus
8、 on Man (ourselves). However, what s Man indeed? In retrospect of two-thousand years of western culture, great minds had made their perennial efforts to get a fixed definition ofhuman kind or at least some essential traits which might be called the nature of human, but the question not only has not
9、been settled, on the contrast, the various answers which lead to1different directions have caused “a seriously cultural and ethical crisis ”.Just as Max Scheler who first smell the crisis protest: in any period, we have neverbeen so integrative about ourselves like today, since there are three disti
10、nguished humanics:one based on science, another on philosophy and the third one on theology; and each of2them is separate from others. Back to the classical Greek philosophy, we can easily detect Socratesdefinition: human is an existence that has reasonable responses to those rationalquestions.3This
11、 definitionconcerns the knowledgeand moralityaspects of human, asAristotle stated the search of knowledge is part of human nature4, and knowledge helps usto establish the moral system which guides us to be more rational about our knowledge. AsStoicism insisted, Socrates also held the same basic view
12、 that the privileges and the firstresponsibility of being a man is to inquiry himself, to ask whats the relationship betweenhim and the sense inside him that governs all.5From this point, Stoicism made humanitiesstrongly feel the obligation of being harmonious with Naturein knowledgewhilebeingindepe
13、ndent from Nature in morality. Thatis to say man should make fulluse oftheirwisdom and freedom to search for knowledge. This freedom is thoughtto be thefundamental virtue in Stoicism but turnedto be the essential evil and faultin theology(Christianity), which had been the master of human cognition i
14、n human culture from twothousands of years ago. Numerous theologians, such as Augustine, JohnCalvin,andTertullian, gave their own understanding of human, and mostly according to Bible, the only holy book for the followers of the religious.The one based on science started in Renaissance when a culture was created to fre
