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1、Figuresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnormalwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningsofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.Ineverydayspeechandwritingandinliteraturethechieffunctionsoffiguresofspeechareprobablytoembellish,toemphasizeortoclarify.Theyareusedtogivetoneoratmos
2、pheretodiscourse,toprovidevividexamples,tostimulatethoughtbystartlingthereaderorlistener,togivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoornament.Figuresofspeechexistinalmostendlessvarietyandmanyarecloselyrelatedorintricatelyoverlap,hencenocompletelysatisfactorysystemofclassificationhaseverbeendevised.Thef
3、ollowingmaybeconsideredoneoftheserviceableclassificationsofthepresentday:1. Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship.Thesearethemostimportant,interesting,andfrequentfiguresofspeech.2. Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.Thechieffunctionoftheseistodrawattentiontoanidea.3. Figuresofsound.4. Verbalgamesandgymn
4、astics.Someofthesearerareandminorfigures.1. Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship1) Simile:afigurethatinvolvesanexpressedcomparison,almostalwaysintroducedbythewordlikeoras.Thetwothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.a) Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfr
5、omafarcounty.(Proverb)b) Thewaterlaygrayandwrinkledlikeanelephantsskin.(NancyHale)c) Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.(JosephConrad)2) Metaphor:Thesubstitutionofonethingforanother,ortheidentificationoftwothingsfromdifferentrangesofthought.Itisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpliedcomparis
6、on”，“asimilewithoutlikeoras”.Metaphorisconsideredbymanythemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigureandalsothecommonestandthemostbeautiful.a) Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremovingjewels.b) Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.c) Snowclothestheground.d) Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplaus
7、e.句法、结构上看隐语：名词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性、介词性e.g.1.名词性Iamanalbumofsnapshots,random,awholeshowoftrailers剧照ofoldfilms.(表语)2. 动词性shedidnotsomuchcookasassassinatefood.Itescapes/strikes/upsetsme.（物质过程代心理过程）IdontthinkImdistortinghisargument.YetIwaswoundup.Itick.Iexist.3. 形容词性theairwasthickwithabrasschorus低声合唱.（theairi
8、saliquid.）空气在低音合唱中显得十分凝重。Iexpectatreaty,afull-fledgedtreatyonmedium-rangemissiles.完整的协议（Thetreatyisfull-fledged.Thetreatyisabirdorananimal.）4. 副词性Heclamberedafter跟随hersheepishly.温顺Heclamberedafterherlikeasheep.像绵羊（喻底不定）5. 介词性Arightextremistgroupissuspectedofbeingbehindthekilling.幕后操纵屠杀（空间意义映射到抽象“操纵”
9、）SanderswasarrestedwithinhoursofreturningtoBritain.（“behindhours”空间意义映射到时间先后顺序上”语义结构上看隐喻：tenorandvehicle,thecomponentsofametaphor,withthetenorreferringtotheconcept,object,orpersonmeant,andthevehiclebeingtheimagethatcarriestheweightofthecomparison.ThewordswerefirstusedinthissensebythecriticI.A.Richar
10、ds.InthefirststanzaofAbrahamCowleypoem“TheWish,”thetenoristhecityandthevehicleisabeehive蜂窝:Wellthen;Inowdoplainlysee,ThisbusyworldandIshallneeragree;TheveryhoneyofallearthlyjoyDoesofallmeatsthesoonestcloy;Andthey,methinks,deservemypityWhoforitcanendurethestings,Thecrowd,andbuzz,andmurmuringsOfthisgr
11、eathive,thecity.1. tenor,vehicle,ground看过西游记的人都知道“唐僧肉”之可贵，妖魔鬼怪都捉而啖之，好处是延年益寿，妖可成仙。现在居民说的“唐僧肉”是指城市的绿化草地，它是城市之肺，有利于供应阳光，空气和水，可以让人延年益寿的。2. Tenor,vehicle,Thebuildingwasabarn.3. VehicleHeputhisbackagainstthesuitcase.(Therockisasuitcase.)4. TenorHesonhadbeendamagedinacrash.(Humanobjectisanobject.)Thefaintw
12、hisperofrainAthintrickleofsmoke他给高松年300瓦特的眼光射得很不安。(隐喻学研究束定芳)Anoteofwarning:Avoidmixingfiguresofspeech.a) Thisisnotthetimetothrowupthesponge,whentheenemy,alreadyweakenedanddivided,areontheruntoanewdefensiveposition.(mixedmetaphor;amixtureofprize一ringandbattlefield)b) ThereiseveryindicationthatNigeria
13、willbeatowerofstrengthandwillforgeahead.(mixedmetaphor;amixtureofafortressandaship)3) Personification:afigurethatendowsobjects,animals,ideas,orabstractionswithhumanform,character,orsensibility.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:a) Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.theblushingrose;thethirstygro
14、undb) Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.thekettlesings;thewavesdancedc) Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleaves4) Metonymy:换喻thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.a) Thepenismightierthanthesword.(Hereyouhavetheinstrument(penorsword)asanam
15、eforthepeoplewieldingit.)b) Grayhairsshouldberespected.(thesymbol(grayhair)asanameforthepersons(oldpeople)symbolized)c) Heistoofondofthebottle.(=Heistoofondofdrinking;thecontainer(winebottle)asanameforthething(wine)contained)d) IhaveneverreadLiBai.(thepoet(LiBai)asanameforthethingmade(poemswrittenby
16、LiBai)5) Synecdoche:提喻commonly,thenamingofaparttomeanthewhole,asinhandsformenwhodomanuallabour,afleetof50sailsforafleetof50ships.Butvariousothersuchsubstitutionsarealsoincludedintheterm.a) Haveyouanycoppers?(=Haveyouanymoney?)(coppersstandforcoinsoflowvaluemadeofcopperorbronze;hereitisthenamingofthematerial(copper)forthethingmade(coin)b
