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1、History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume)美国文学史及选读1、2PartThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)1 Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 (1776年 18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思
2、）Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography Thomas Paine: The American Crisis*一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林1706-1790Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1 其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达
3、能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.2 他最好作品收录在自传“Autobiography”。“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.二、 Thomas Jefferson托马斯杰弗逊（1743-1826）1 美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and p
4、ersonality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.2 1776年同约翰亚当斯、本杰明富兰克林、罗杰谢尔曼、罗伯特R利文斯顿一起起草独立宣言with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he dra
5、fted the Declaration of Independence.3 1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。4 教材作品：独立宣言(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。三、 Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因（1737-1809）*1 1776-1783美国危机“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets. 2
6、战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。(1791-1792)人权“Rights of Man”。3 理性的时代“The Age of Reason”1794-1795, 他最后一部作品1797土地公平“Agrarian Justice”.4 教材作品：美国危机：“The American Crisis”.四、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺（1752-1832）*1 革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutiona
7、ry period “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.2 1770年第1部作品想象的力量（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.3 1776年出版夜屋（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. 4 1781写下名诗英国囚船(The British Prison Ship)5 教材作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle”
8、印第安人的坟地： “The Indian Burying Ground” 致凯提迪德： “To a Caty-Did”Part The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学(1810-1860)1. 浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a p
9、resumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.3 超验主义（1830sthe Civil War）：(1830-1850) 既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分Transcendentalism: (1830-1850) Defined as the recognition in man of the capaci
10、ty of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. It had some basic principles that were generally shared by its adherents. They believed that God is immanent in each person and in natur
11、e and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance and rejection of traditional authority.1. Stress the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses a
12、nd from the inner world by intuition.2. Place spirit (oversoul) first and matter second3. Take nature as symbolic of spirit or God. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. People should come close to nature for instructions4. Stress the importance of the individual (
13、the ideal kind of individual is self-reliant and unselfish (individuality).5. Exalt feeling (subjectivity, imagination, heart thinking) over reason (rationalism, head thinking), individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.代表：Ralph Waldo Emerson：Nature, Self-reliance；Henry David Thore
14、au：Walden As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come a
15、nd of which all things are a part. 4 Dark Romanticism19 century America (often conflated with Gothicism or called American Romanticism) is a literarysubgenre centered on writersEdgar Allan Poe: The Raven(death, beauty),Nathaniel Hawthorne: The scarlet letterandHerman Melville: Moby Dick(dark, glooming, mysterious). As opposed to the perfectionist beliefs ofTranscendentalism, the Dark Romantics emphasized human fallibility and proneness tosinandself-destruction, as well as the difficulties inherent in attempts atsocial reform. The Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized evil
