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1、非谓语动词 现在分词一、定义现在分词是由v+ing构成，具有动词的特征，在功能上具有adj.和adv.的特点，在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。二、结构主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注：其否定形式是在doing之前加上not, never,但是位置不同。Not直接放在doing之前，即，not dong/not being done/not having done/not having been done.但在having done结构中，never应放在having和done之间，即，having n
2、ever done。翻译：Having never been there/Not having been there, I cant tell you what the place is like.1. 一般式：由v+ing构成，语态上表现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示进行或与谓语动词同时发生/存在的动作或状态。填空：1) The girl _(sing) for us is ten years old. 2) _(wear) a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.2. 完成式：having+done，语态上表示该现在分词与其逻辑
3、主语之间是主动关系，在时间上表示已完成或先于谓语动词的动作或状态。填空：1) _(receive) the letter, I know everything is all right. 2) _(have) my supper, I went out for a walk.3. 被动式：1）being done 2）having been done，语态上表示该现在分词短语与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系；时间上being done表示和谓语动词同时发生，having been done表示在谓语动词之前已发生或完成。填空：The building _(build) will be complet
4、ed next year.三、现在分词的用法及功能（一）作定语1. 现在分词作定语时其逻辑主语为其所修饰的名词。单个现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前，现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。填空：1）_(站在窗户旁边的那个人) is our teacher.2) （那个正在睡觉的女孩）is his daughter.2. 有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作，这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态，此时doing既表主动又表进行。改写下列句子：1） Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?2) Th
5、e American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.3. 有些现在分词作定语时表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态，此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态，此时doing仅表主动，无进行意义。改写下列句子：1） They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.2)The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.4. 不及物动词作定语因其无宾语无被动，因此常用-ing形式。填空：
6、_(bark) dogs seldom bite.5. 现在分词的被动式（being done）一般不能用作前置定语，而作后置定语。结构：n.+ being done填空：We must keep a secret of the things_(discuss) here.6. 完成时的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。判断正误：1）The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 2) The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.7. v-ing形式可起到非限制性定语从句的作用，常用逗号与主
7、句分开。改写句子：Tom, wearing beautiful clothing, followed me down the hill.8. 有时我们可用一个adv./n.+v-ing形式组成一个合成分词用作定语。翻译：1) hard-working people 2) a shoe-making factory 3) an English-speaking country（二）作表语现在分词作表语往往表示主语所具有的特征或性质，起形容词作用，意为“使人/令人感到.的”，且其逻辑主语就是句子主语。翻译：1）The news is exciting. 2) What you said is re
8、ally inspiring.现在分词做表语，常见的词有：exciting, interesting, disappointing, discouraging, encouring,puzzling,surprising,confusing,amusing,astonishing,shocking,entertaining, embarrassing等，这些分词几乎已变成形容词，前常可用副词修饰。（三）做宾语补足语分词一般在两类动此后做宾补：感官动词和使役动词。这种用法中的现在分词表其和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主+表”或“主+谓”关系，表“主+谓”关系时，强调动作正在进行，和宾语关系为主动。1）
9、 感官动词有：一感：feel;二听：hear, listen to;五看：see, observe, notice, watch, look at,此外还有find, smell等。2） 使役动词有：catch/set/have/get/start/leave/keep/not have+ sb+ doing填空：1）We all found his equipment_(interest). 2) She smelt something_(burn). 3) The joke set them all_(laugh). 4) I have kept you_(wait) a long tim
10、e.注：感官动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合结构，但两者有区别，用现在分词表动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束；用不定式表示动作已结束或经常性习惯性反复发生的动作。填空：1）I saw the girl_(get) on the bus at that time. 2) I saw the girl_(get) into the car and drive off.(四)作状语1. 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。Doing表示其和句子主语关系为主动关系，且和谓语动词同时发生或当时正在进行的动作；being done表示其和句子主语关系为被
11、动关系，且和谓语动词同时发生或当时正在进行的动作；having done表其和句子主语关系为主动，且在谓语动词之前发生的动作；having been done/done表其和句子主语关系为被动，且在谓语动词之前发生。填空：1) _(show) around the factory, they were very happy. 2) _(lay) a board on the ground, he went to bed.2. 分词可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、伴随、让步等状语，分别相当于同类状语从句。判断下列分词结构属于哪一类：1) Working on the farm, he lea
12、rned a lot. 2) When/while crossing the street, you must be careful. 3) Being ill, I stayed at home. 4) It rained hard, causing floods in the city. 5) Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 6) He came to school running. 7) He arrived home, singing and dancing. 8) Working harder, youll be
13、No.1 in your class. 9)On seeing a policeman, the thief ran away.3. 当分词的逻辑主语为句子主语时，我们既可以用从句形式也可以用分词形式；但当出现主语不一致的情况时，即句子主语不能作分词状语的逻辑主语，句子不成立，我们应用从句形式，而不宜用非谓语动词形式作状语。判断：1) Turning around, an old man was seen walking towards the river. 2) Turning around, we saw an old man walking towards the river. 3) W
14、hen we turned around, an old man was seen walking towards the river. 4) When we turned around, we saw an old man walking towards the river.4. stand,sit,lie加doing做伴随状语，表两动作同时发生。填空：We sat there _(talk) to each other.5.系动词属于不及物动词，作状语时应用doing形式。填空：_(feel) sick, she didnt go to school.四、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较判断：1）a walking stick = a stick that is used for walking 2) a swimming girl = a girl who is swimming注意：动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰名词的性质或正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个含有进行时态的定语从句。五、有时用一个分词短语修饰整个句子作状语，分词形式不受主语影响，常常为一些固定结构。常见此类结构：generally speaking;
