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1、.Unit 4Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Worka. Institutionalization:refers to the process of embedding some conception within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such
2、as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations
3、of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole:is the provisional release of a prisoner who ag
4、rees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining
5、from drug and alcohol use, avoiding contact with the parolees victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation:is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending
6、, also known as criminal recidivism.Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior . Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology ,
7、 Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome stud
8、y . Name of experimentDescription of the experimentRelation of the experiment with the textExperiment on obedienceA series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occu
9、pations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing seriou
10、s injury and distress.Closely related with the text since they are all about the effect of assigned roles. Small-world experiment The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of peopl
11、e in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path-lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase six degrees of separation, although Milgram did not use this term himself.Not closel
12、y related with the text since the experiment is about social networking between individuals in the United States.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the textPartParaMain ideaI. Anecdote and introduction1-2A case showing the necessity for prison reformII. Body3-10 The experiment of a mock prison with gu
13、ards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlier because of the frightening effect.III. Findings11-13 Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, or other empirically un-validated co
14、nstructs.IV. Conclusion14 The prison situation is guaranteed to generate severe pathological reactions in both guards and prisoners as to debase their humanity, and make it difficult for them to be part of a society outside of their prison. (1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoners situa
15、tion to plead for prison reform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards and prisoners. (3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard. (4) The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Alto city and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison. (5) At Stanford University
