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1、.初中英语语法归纳语法学习（一） 动词语态动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者，被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者，。I have done the job.主动句 The job has been done.被动句1 被动语态根据时态的不同，可分为以下几种类型：一般现在时：am/is/are+done; 2 一般过去时：was/were+done 3 现在进展时：am/is/are+being done 4 过去进展时：was/were+being done 5 将来时：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be
2、to be done 6 现在完成时：have/has +been done 7 过去完成时：had+been done 8 将来完成时：will+have been done 2被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来表达 The house is being painted now.现在进展时被动语态 Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.现在完成时被动语态 The furniture was bought last week.过去时被动语态 Youll be punished on
3、e day.将来时被动语态 3被动语态的意义1不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者无须加buy短语 Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有时主语较长，可后置。 Its said that we have won the game. 4在使役动词make及感官动词see
4、 ，hear.等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号to The teacher made Tom answer it again.主动语态，不加to ) Tom was made to answer it again.被动语态，加to ) 5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丧失其附加的介词、副词或短语。 look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，giv
5、e up等. 6. be过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表构造形式。区别是，系表构造表示主语状态或特征，不带by短语；而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。 The job was well done.系表构造 The job was well done by a skilled worker.被动语态 The composition is well written.系表构造 The composition is written with great care;.被动语态 7原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，要用形式主语it. It has been know
6、n to him that many friends will come to see him. It is said that this book has been translated into several languages. 8有一些动词不能用被动语态。 break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet遇见，join参加，fail等 9宾语为反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。 Th
7、e man introduced himself as Mr. Wang. 10有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。 The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark. On the way we happened to be caught in the rain. 11有些动名词在want, need, require和介词worth后形式为主动，意义为被动。 12有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意
8、义。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well.好卖 The door doesnt lock. The door cant open. This pen writes very well. 13除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get, become等词也可以过去分词构成被动意义。 She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party. 1主谓一致。主谓一致指的
9、是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数。 1主谓一致的三个原则。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。 (1)语法一致原则：主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也应采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也应采取复数形式。 She is a girl她是女孩。 They are all girls她们都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to
10、 many universities to deliver lectures. 这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。教授与作家是同一个人，是单数. The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，为复数概念。 (2)就近原则：谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 There are two pens，a book and th
11、ree pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。 Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。 (3)意义一致原则：主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语形式上是复数，但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式。 The police are still running after the murderer. 警察还在追杀人犯。 The news was very e*citing. 这则新闻令人冲动。 My family were watching TV at
12、 7 oclock. 7点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。 My family has moved three times我们家搬过三次。 2主谓一致的应用。 (1)单一主语的情况。单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语，其主语与谓语的一致情况如下：不定代词作主语 a不定代词either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语
13、时，谓语动词常用单数、 b. none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。 c. neither/either of复数名词或复数形式的代词，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Neither of these words is correct. 这些单词没有一个是正确的。 d. the other two，the other threeanother two( . ) , both等作主语时谓语动词用复数
14、、 Five people came to help，but another three were still needed. 已经有五个人来帮助了，但我们还需要三个 e. all指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时，谓语动词常用单数 All the work was finished. 所有的活都干完了 All is going well一切都很正常. f在each . and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的构造中，谓语动词用单数、 Each boy and each girl ha
15、s got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很长时间没有听到一点声音 Every boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星 g. such山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much这就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。 Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。集合名词作主语 a有些集体名词，如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。 People
