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1、定语从句（上）一、定语从何的概念什么是定语从句？低：:A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。有两个必备的基本元素。一个是先行 词；一个是关系词。1 .名词或代词做先行词。例：He laughs best who laughs last.2 .短语做先行词。Many of lifepfolslems which were solved by asking family members, friends o
2、r colleagues are beyondthe capability of the extended family to resolve.3 .用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.I am a student which you all know.
3、当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among otherthings, that you might - surprise! - fall off.找先行词的方法。反证法。把它带进去。哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。1 .翻译定语从句。2 .结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。定语从句（下）二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。1 .常用的关系代词： which, that, who, whom。Whom现在用的很
4、少。前面有介词只能用which ,不能用that。2 .关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。What :1）它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词以及一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。如果前面已经偶一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that, 所以这儿不能用 what.All-is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA. what is the needB. the things needC. for our needs
5、D. that is need2）what单独使用，后面不加名词。 例如： She is not what she used to be.3）what后面加名词 例如： What money I have has been given to you.1997 年考题： he knows about it is out of date and in accurate A. What little B. So much C. How much D. So little as 1. like 2.作为 3. when4.引导定语从句。即可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语
6、从句一般式固定用 法。如 as- as, suchasas引导非限制性定语从句 例如：I was a boy which you know. which 可以用 as 替换。As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. as引导限制性定语从句 考试中往往考固定搭配。例如： Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句More familie
7、s consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home was common in the traditional family structure .A.than B.that C.which D.as特点：1) than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。2) than前面的主句必须要有比较级3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象三、关系副词When引导的定语从句。1)先行词
8、必须是表示时间的名词。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.2)如何区分 when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如： When I go to school, I will workhard.从两方面区分：When引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果
9、是状语从句就必须翻译成当时候。When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行词表示地点，不一定用 where来引导。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but it s the place _.A.where I dlike to visitB.in which I d like to visitC.I most want to visitD.thar I want to
10、visit it most名词从句讲五个问题：一、名词从句的本质。1 .概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。主语、宾语、表语、同 位语。2 . 引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1) that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how 等连接副词或 what,who,whose等连接代词。That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what 一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which和whose后面必须接名词。例如：Concerns were raised _witness might be encouraged to exag
11、gerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.A.what B.when C.which D.that3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考题： Prof. Lee s book will show you can be used in other contexts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have ob
12、servedD how what you have observed二、名词从句中的主语从句主语从句有如下几种表示方式：1.用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.3 .用 it is +ved+that 例如:It is believed that you are good boy.4 .用whether引导主语从句。例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.三、宾语从句需要掌握的几
13、点：及物动词后面的宾语从句。2005年例句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us四、表语从句就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most Americans were to them.五、同位语从句就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词
14、 +that+从句。同位语从句与宾语从句和定语从句的区别：引导宾语从句和定语从句的的that, which可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that不能省略。定i从句中的that必须在从句中扮演主语或者宾语。同位语从句的that不扮演任何成分。例如：There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that 不做句子成分。状语从句（上）第三讲状语从句（上）一、状语从句的本质。就是用一个句子来作另外一个句子的状语。状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、
15、比较状语、方式 状语。2005年例句Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, others are sensitive to the smells ofboth flowers.A. when B. since C. for D. whereas难点：I.When常考的句型：Hardly - when; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991 年例句：to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begunC. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true it comes tocl
