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1、Unit 4 Chemistry and Advanced Materials 化学及先进材料 Chemistry of Advanced Materials 先进材料的化学Stone, bronze, iron: civilization has always been defined by Mans relationship with materials. nowadays, materials have become such an integral part of our society, that they are often either underappreciated or e
2、ven overlooked. But much of the technological progress is directly or indirectly dependent on the availability of advanced materials with improved functions. It is often forgotten that there is much chemistry behind these investigations! 石、铜、铁:文明历来被认为是与人类息息相关的材料.如今,材料已成为当今社会的组成部分,它们往往也不能受到重视甚至被忽略。但是
3、大多数的技术进步是直接或间接依赖于所能获得的先进材料以改善功能。这些调查系统背后是有许多化学反应，这是经常被遗忘的!Being closely related to materials science, chemistry focuses on the atomic or molecular level, and materials science deals with macroscopic properties, however both together provide a proper understanding of how chemical composition, structu
4、re and bonding of materials are related to the particular properties.与材料科学紧密相关的化学关注原子或者分子水平以及材料科学设计到的宏观性质。然而，两者一起可以理解材料的化学组成、结构和化学键如何同具体的性质联系起来。In the earlier days of civilization, especially in the production of metals, chemistry was only used empirically for the processing of materials, far from a
5、ny understanding of the basic concepts. But many arising problems like pollution of the environment or the toxicity of different materials nowadays clearly reveal the need of a better understanding of the basic chemistry. It is becoming widely recognized that no new method for extracting or processi
6、ng a material can be considered without good understanding of the real costs as well as its fate after its lifetime.在早期的文明,特别是在生产金属材料和仅以经验进行化学处理的材料,不能理解基本概念。但是许多出现的问题，像现在的环境污染、不同材料的毒性，清晰地显示需要很好地理解基础化学。如果不能很好的理解产品的真实成本和用完以后的处置，那么就不能考虑出新的提取或者加工材料的方法，这一点已经为大家所公认。A number of important aspects have to be
7、 investigated for example whether the required properties can be achieved and maintained during the use of a material, whether the material is compatible with other parts of an assembly, whether a material can be easily recycled, whether a material causes environmental problem, and whether a materia
8、l can be produced economically.许多重要的方面必须加以调查，比如:是否材料要求的性质能否达到并且在使用过程中得到保持，是否材料同组装的其他部分相协调，是否材料能够容易地回收，是否材料会导致环境问题，是否材料可以很便宜的生产。Taking the fact into account that most of the processes during the life-cycle of a product are typically chemical reactions， it becomes obvious，that the solution of fundamen
9、tal materials science problem is intimately interconnected with our knowledge in chemistry.在产品的一生中，大多数加工工艺是典型的化学反应，很明显，解决基本材料科学问题的方法紧密的同我们在化学方面的知识紧密地联系起来了。Only a better understanding of the chemicals concepts involved in materials life-cycle leads to substantial improvements in materials technologie
10、s. The understanding of the nanostructure of materials will be an essential part of such an enterprise. But the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of material science and engineering requires effective cooperation between scientists and engineers from various disciplines. 只有更好的了解化学在材料生命周期实质的相关概
11、念才可以提高材料的技术。对于一个企业纳米材料的解释将占据着主要部分。但复杂性和跨学科性质的科学和工程需要科学家和工程师之间的有效合作从各种各样的学科来解释。Solid State Chemistry and Nanochemistry 固态化学和纳米化学In general, research in solid state chemistry is concerned with investigations of synthesis, structures and properties of solidsThe most important motivation is to understan
12、d，to predict, and to design the properties of solids with respect to both，chemical composition and their crystal and electronic structures.通常，在固体化学中的研究是参与研究固体材料的合成、结构和性质。最重要的目的是根据化学组成和它们的晶体和电子结构，去理解、预测和设计固体材料的性质。Of course, the first step is the synthesis of the required material. Three different cat
13、egories of solid state synthesis can be distinguished depending on the motivation:i) preparation of known compounds to investigate a specific property;ii) synthesis of unknown members in a structurally related family in order to extend structure-property relations;iii) synthesis of new classes of so
14、lids.当然,第一步是合成所需的资料。三种不同类别的固态合成可以分为视动机:1. 制备已知化合物的一个特定的性能;2.合成未知结构的同系物是为了延伸结构-性能关系的关系;3. 合成新的固体Thus，solid state chemistry is mainly concerned with the development of new synthesis methods，new ways of identifying and characterizing materials and of describing their structureIn the last few years, the
15、 key direction of solid state chemistry lay in the search for new strategies of tailor-making materials with desired and controllable properties这样，固体化学主要参与开发新的合成方法、新的识别和表征材料的方法和描述它们的结构的新方法。在最近几年，固体化学的重点方向在于找到具有预期的和可控制的性能的特制材料的新的手段。Although there have been major advances in the synthesis of solid mat
16、erials due to many new chemical methods, we are still far away from a tailor-making of solid materials with specified structures/properties. Most of the discoveries of new solids still have been made by chance! Therefore, rational design and synthesis of novel materials have remained important objectives. The control over the composition is often possible, but still then there must be a way of producing materials in any required micro and nanoscop
