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1、不定式和动名词的区别和联系1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。一、作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如:To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个
2、好习惯。真题回放1. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposedC. Being exposed D. After being exposed二、作宾语有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可,但意思不同，另外还要熟记下面几点:1)下列短语中的to是介词,其后跟动名词,不跟不定式。be(get) used to习惯于;look forward to盼望;pay attent
3、ion to注意;get down to开始认真做;lead to通向、导致;prefer doing . to doing .宁愿做而不愿做;stick to坚持;devote ones life(time, oneself) to献身于、致力于;object to反对;in addition to .除之外;on the way to .在去的路上、正要成为;等等。整理为word格式2)不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作宾语之外,一般不用作介词宾语。此时,不定式能否省略to,取决于其前是否有行为动词do或其相应形式。有则省略,无则不能省略。例如:She did n
4、othing but wash some clothes that day. 那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也没做。We had no choice except to walk home. 除了走着回家我们别无选择。3) 动名词除了其一般式doing,还有完成式having done以及一般式的被动形式being done和完成式的被动形式having been done;动名词前可以加上逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构:sb.s doing。例如:Im sorry for not having kept my promise.非常抱歉,我没能遵守诺言。(not having kept my p
5、romise发生在am sorry之前)Do you mind Mary being left alone at home?你介意玛丽被单独一个人留在家里吗?4) 不定式的完成式to have done表示在谓语动词之前已经发生的动作,而不定式的一般式to do表示动作将要发生。不定式还有其被动形式:to be done(表示将来的被动动作)和to have been done(表示过去的被动动作)。三、作表语不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同。例如:My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英语。(泛指,多次性抽象行为)Your task is to go
6、and help the farmers.你的工作是去帮助那些农民。(特指,一次性具体行为)四、作定语不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如:He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and youll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。整理为word格式注意:不定式作定语时通常与其前的名词(代词)构成动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,其后通常要加上相应的介词。例如:Please give me
7、a knife with which to cut.2)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was
8、happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 3） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget to post the
9、letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组
10、：1 forget doing/to doforget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。整理为word格式 (to come动作未做)典型例题- The light in the off
11、ice is still on.- Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意2 stop doing/to dostop to do 停止，中断原来做的事，开始做另外一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事They stop to smoke
12、 a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。3 remember d
13、oing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很
14、遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do整理为word格式 B. to be doing C. to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的
15、话感到后悔，因此选D。5 cease doing/to docease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 try doing/to dotry to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn
