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1、动名词作主语(1).动名词作主语，常表示泛指意义的行为。Seeing is believing.Using the right hand to shake hands is a convention many countries.Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。(2).动名词在 “It is no use/ no good/ fun/ a waste of time/ a good pleasure/ not any use/ useless/ worthwhile/need 等词 +dong 结构中作主语，it 为 形式主语。It is a good habit
2、getting up early.It is no good writhing to her, she never answers letters.It is useless speaking.It is no use sending him over.(3).在 there is no +v.ing结构中，常用动名词作主语There is no joking about the matter. (这事开不得玩笑)(4).简短的提示语中常用动名词。No smoking!一. 不定式(一) 概述动词不定式一般由“to+do构成。它的否定式是not to do.它有时态和语态的变化。现以动词 do
3、 为例，列表如下：语态/时态主动形式 被动形式 基本用法一般式 to do to be done 一般情况或未发生的动作或状态 完成式 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前进行式 to be doing 表示谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行(二) .不定式的时态和语态的用法1. 不定式的时态(1)一般式： to +do 它表示的动作与谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生或是在它之后发生。(2) .完成式：to +have+ done用法如下：1. 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，例如：Im sorry to have kept
4、you waiting for such a long time.He was said to have been rich. = it was said that he had been rich.2. 表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划，用表示希望、计划等动词的过去式(wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected, planned, wanted, would like )+ to have done 构成。例如： I intended to have gone abroad that year, but I had no money.I hoped t
5、o have finished the project earlier.I planned to have traveled to Guilin, but I had no time.(3) 进行式： to +be +doing 表示谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动 作正在进行。The boy pretended to be reading when his mother came in.(4)完成进行式：to +have +been +doing不定式的完成进行式表示该动 作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，并一直进行着，到说话时为止，该动 作可能已停止，也可能还在继续。She was said t
6、o have been living in Beijing for fifteen years.2. 不定式的语态 不定式的被动语态常用于两种形式，一种是一般式，另一种是完成式。(1) 不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一 般要用被动语态。由 to + be +动词的过去分词The boss ordered the work to be done at once.There are a lot of books to be read.(2) 如果不定式表示的是一个比谓语动作发生得更早的动作，这时不定式可用完成式的被动式：由to + have +been + done构成。例
7、如：The novel is said to have been translated into seven languages.He is said to have gone to study abroad.(三) 不定式的用法1. 作主语To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.To learn a foreign language well is not easy.不定式短语做主语常用it先行词做形式主语，而把不定式短语后置， 以避免句子结构头重脚轻。It is not easy to learn a foreign
8、language.It is dangerous to drive very fast.注意：1. 在 it 先行词作主语的句型中，常用 for sb 或 of sb 作不定式 的逻辑主语。用法如下：(1) for sb.句型通常用来表示客观情况的形 容词。如 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, necessary, interesting 等，此类词不能用于 sb is possible/ necessary 等结构中， 例如： It is important for us to express our feelin
9、gs.It is difficult for us to finish the work in such a short time.(2)of sb 句型一般用来表示主观感情或态 度的形容词。如： good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, wrong, careful, polite 等，此类词可用于 sb is good/ kind/ nice/wise 等结构中， 例如：It is very kind of you to help us.It is impolite of him to say so.2. 疑问词与不定式结构连用作主语。
10、疑问词 what, who, when, where, which, whether 和 how 后加不定式可 以构成不定式短语，在句中可做主语。例如：When to start the project hasntbeen decided.2. 作表语 作表语的不定式往往说明主语的内容，主语通常是 hope, idea, job, plan, wish 等，且常在 be, seem, appear, remain 等动词后。例如：My wish is to be a teacher.His job was to design new machines.What I want do do see
11、ms to tell you something.3. 作宾语不定式常在 want, wish, hope, decide, ask, agree, refuse, promise, aim, attempt, expect, pretend, manage, offer, fail 等动词后作宾语。例如： I want to do it myself.He once refused to speak on the radio for $ 1.000 a minute.注意：有些动词后常用it作形式宾语而把真正宾语放在宾语补足语之 后，常见的动词有 find, think, consider,
12、 feel, make 等。例如：I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.Tom found it difficult to find a job in Tokyo.4. 作宾语补足语(1) 常用在 love, teach, get , invite, beg, force, allow, wish, want, like, prefer, persuade, advise, cause, request, require, order, expect, forbid 等 动词
13、后作宾语补足语。例如：She likes them to ask questions like this.Ill get someone to repair the recorder for you.(2) 在 make, have, let, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe, see 等动词后， 常用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。例如：The owners of slaves made them work very hard on their farms.Did you see the girls play in the park yesterday
14、?注意：上面的动词 hear, watch, notice, observe, see 等后面的宾语补足语有时候是doing区别在于doing强调正在进行，do强调全过程。在这种句型谓语动词变为被动结构时 to 不能省。例如：Someone was heard to come up the stair.但加 doing 作宾语补足语的情况时，变被动仍然是 doingWe heard the girl singing next door.The girl was heard singing next door by us.(3) tell, advise, show, teach, decide
15、 等动词后还可接“连接代词或连接副 词+不定式”作其宾语补足语。例如：The dictionary didnttell him how to pronounce the word.The old driver showed me how to drive a car.5. 作定语 不定式作定语要放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。例如： He has got lots of questions to ask.I was the last to go to bed. 注意：(1)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面要跟相应的介词。例如： He is looking for a room to live in.Please pass me some paper to write on. (2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受 者是，不定式即可以作主动语态，也可以作被动语态，但含义有所不 同。例如：Have you anything to send?( 主语是 you 执行 send 的动作)你有什 么东西要寄的吗？Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么东西要寄的吗？（其他 人，并非主语 you 执行 send 的动作）The teacher asked me _ so much noise.A. dont makeB. not make C. no
