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1、2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The profession fell into _, with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.问题1选项A.harmonyB.turmoilC.distortionD.accord【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项harmony“融洽；和谐；和声”；B选项turmoil“混乱，骚乱”；C选项distortion“曲解；变形，失真”；D选项accord“协
2、议”。句意：这个行业进入_，一些物理学家坚持现有的理论，而另一些人提出了大爆炸理论。根据语境，大家的观点不一致，turmoil“混乱，骚乱”比较能够形容这个情况，符合题意。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt _ invention as a threat to his way of life.问题1选项A.any concern withB.any concern aboutC.any concern inD.any concern at【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项c
3、oncern with“关心，挂念”；B选项concern about“担心”；C选项concern in“涉及；与有关”；D选项concern at非固定搭配。句意：讽刺的是，西方人从来没有_发明对他们生活方式构成威胁。根据语境，concern about“担心”搭配threat“威胁”比较合理，意指西方人不会担心发明给生活造成威胁，符合题意。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _ disintegration.问题1选项A.on the ground ofB.on the to
4、p ofC.in the light ofD.on the verge of【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项on the ground of“因为”；B选项on the top of“除之外；在之上”；C选项in the light of“鉴于”；D选项on the verge of“接近于，濒临于”。句意：到春秋末年，奴隶社会已_处于解体。根据语境，这里指奴隶社会快要解体了，所以on the verge of“接近于，濒临于”符合题意。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was no
5、n-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt.I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal
6、rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not
7、subjective.This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral princip
8、les by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may “learn the hard
9、way” that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others “theories” or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are “tested”; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on
10、others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time.Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and
11、wrong, good and bad. But then we dont have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either.We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers; nor do we have an al
12、gorithm to discern those answers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate.If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some pe
13、ople talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the aliment, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethic
14、al theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.21. Ethical principles are generally thought to be _.22. In what way is ethics similar to language use?23. What does
15、 the author mean by saying that we may learn moral principles “the hard way”?24. It is implied in the text that a relativistic view of ethnics_.25. The author asserts that the true value of ethical theory lies in_.问题1选项A.explicitly clearB.implicitly vagueC.certain but non-rationalD.relative but not subjective问题2选项A.Both have rules to determine the optimal choice under a circumstance.B.Both vary according to the context they are applicable to.C.Both are objective, not subjective, entities.D.Similar sets of rules can be applied
