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1、Case 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.在这种情况下，尽管人们努力去理解，但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not
2、expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.我们应该知道，在埃及，就像在许多文化中一样，人际关系被看得如此重要，以 至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。虽然美国人的确重视人际关系，但他 们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。In this case, Richards mi
3、stake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your pictures are in.在这种情况下，理查德
4、的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上，因 为食物只是设置或借口。对他的主人和女主人来说，这就好像他参加了一个艺术 展，并恭维那位艺术家说:“你的画的画框多漂亮啊!”In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself be it a family or a vast corporation is more valued than the chara
5、cteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group.在日本，情况可能更为复杂。日本人重视群体中人与人之间的秩序与和谐，而组 织本身无论是家庭还是大型企业比任何特定成员的特点更受重视。相反， 美国人强调个性作为一种价值，当他们
6、与群体的目标或价值观有合理的冲突时， 他们倾向于主张个体差异。In this case: Richards mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes
7、. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.在这种情况下:理查德的错误在于努力为自己辩护。让其他人认为这些错误不是 故意的，但是为自己辩护是不对的，即使你没有说明的意图是通过警告其他人类 似的错误来帮助团队。一个简单的道歉和接受指责是适当的。但是对可怜的理查 德来说，仅仅是道歉，在他看来就是卑
8、躬屈膝，没有男子气概。When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group.说到英国，我们认为美国人和英国人之间的问题比美国人和几乎任何其他民族之 间的问题都要少。In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture:
9、 for Americans, Help yourself; for the English counterpart, Be my guest. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who makes himself at home, even to th
10、e point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.在这种情况下，我们可能会把目光从吃糖或奶油的手势转移到这个手势所表达的 价值观上:对美国人来说，请自便;对于英国人来说，-请便。美国人和英国人同样 喜欢娱乐和被娱乐，但他们在区别的价值上有所不同。一般来说，美国人聚会上 最理想
11、的客人是那些把自己当成自己家的人，甚至到了开门或自己准备饮料的地 步。对于许多其他社会的人来说，至少包括这个假想的英国主人，这样的客人行 为是放肆或粗鲁的。Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style.课堂上常见的文化误解包括直接沟通方式和间接沟通方式的冲突。In American culture, people tend to
12、 say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification.在美国文化中，人们倾向于说出心中所想，言出必行。因此，在课堂上，学生应 该在需要澄清的时候提出问题。Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and thats why the
13、 students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class.在某些情况下，墨西哥文化与美国文化有相同的风格偏好，这就是为什么墨西哥 学生在课堂上很容易采用提问技巧的原因。However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications an
14、d inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior.但是，韩国人一般比较喜欢间接的交流方式，所以他们倾向于不直接说出自己的 想法，更多的依靠暗示和推理，从而做到礼貌和尊重，避免因为任何不当的言语行为而丢面子。As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would
15、also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.正如案例中提到的，对许多韩国人来说，无数的问题会显示出对老师的不尊重， 也会反映出学生学习不够努力。Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didnt realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Domi
16、nican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as h
