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1、专业英语复习材料2011.1.19 2A401 上午9:0010:45简答：2 . Politics and Administration Frank J .Goodnow There are, then, in all governmental systems two primary or ultimate functions of government, viz . the expression of the will of the state and the execution of that will . There are also in all states separate or
2、gans, each of which is mainly busied with the discharge of one of these functions . These functions are, respectively, Politics and Adminis- tration.(p34) 因此，在所有的政府体制中都存在着两种主要的或基本的政府职能，即国家意志的表达职能和国家意志的执行职能。在所有的国家中都存在着分立的机关，每个分立的机关都用它们的大部分时间行使着两种职能中的一种。这两种职能分别就是：政治与行政。 Actual political necessity howe
3、ver requires that there shall be harmony between the expression and execution of the state will .(p35) 然而，实际政治的需要却要求国家意志的表达与执行之间协调一致。3. Scientific Management Frederick W .Taylor(1) To develop a science to replace the old rule-of-thumb knowledge.(2) The scientific selection of the workmen and his dev
4、elopment.(3) The bringing of the science and the scientifically selected and trained workmen together.(4) An almost equal division of the actual work of the establishment between the workmen and the management.5 . Notes on the Theory of Organization Luther GulickThere are three clear limitations bey
5、ond which the division of work cannot to advantage go . The first is practical and arises from the volume of work involved in man-hours .The second limitation arises from technology and custom at a given time and place . The third limitation is that the subdivision of work must not pass beyond physi
6、cal division into organic division . (p58)分工有三个明显的限制，超过这些限制分工就不能有利地进行。首先是实际工作中限制，是由与人员和工作时间有关的工作量产生的。第二种限制是由某一时刻和某一地点的技术和习惯造成的。第三种限制在于，越来越细的分工不能超出身体分工的范围变成器管的分工。Before doing this, however, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the job itself . This brings us directly to the question,“What is th
7、e work of the chief executive ? What does he do ?”.The answer is POSDCORB . POSDCORB is, of course, a made-up word designed to call attention to the various functional elements of the work of a chief executive because “administration” and “management ” have lost all specific content . POSDCORB is ma
8、de up of the initials and stands for the following activities: Planning, that is working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise; Organizing, that is the establishment of the formal structure of authority th
9、rough which work subdivisions are arranged, defined and co-ordinated for the defined objective; Staffing, that is the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work; Directing, that is the continuous task of making decisions and embodying
10、them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise; Co-ordinating, that is the all important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work; Reporting, that is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which
11、 thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records, research and inspection; Budgeting, with all that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting and control . (p70)但是，在这样做之前，我们有必要弄清这种工作本身的情况。这就向我们直接提出了一个问题：“什么是最高管理者的工作？他做些什么？”答案是POSDCORB。当然POSDCORB是一种组合词
12、，目的在于唤起人们对最高管理者的各种职能性的工作因素的注意，因为“行政”和“管理”已经失去了所有具体的内容。POSDCORB是由下列活动的首字母组成的并象征着这些活动：计划（Planning）：为了实现企业事业单位所设定的目标，制定出需要完成的事情的纲要及完成这些事情的方法。组织（Organizing）：为了实现明确规定的目标建立起正式的权力机构，通过这种结构安排，规定和协调各种逐级分工的工作。人事(Staffing)：雇佣和训练工作人员以及保持有利的工作条件等整个人事工作方面职能。指挥(Directing)：指下列连续性的工作，作出决策并以各种特殊的和一般的命令和指示使之具体化，发挥企事业单
13、位领导者的作用。协调(Coordlinating)：使工作的各个部分相互联系起来的所有重要职责。报告(Reporting)：使最高管理者应对之负责的那些人不断了解所正在进行的工作，也包括通过记录、调查和检查使最高管理者及其下属不断了解有关情况。预算(Budgeting)：包括所有以财务计划、会计和控制形式出现的预算。6. Bureaucratic Structure and Personality Robert K .MertonThe transition to a study of the negative aspects of bureaucracy is afforded by the
14、 application of Veblens concept of“trained incapacity ,”Deweys notion of “occupational psychosis ”or Warnottes view of“ professional deformation .”Trained incapacity refers to that state of affairs in which one.s abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots . Actions based upon training and ski
15、lls which have been successfully applied in the past may result in inappropriate responses under changed conditions .(p81)运用维布伦（Veblen）的“训练造成的无能”、杜威 (Dewey) 的“职业精神病”或沃诺特(Warnotte) 的“专业畸形”的概念，可以帮助我们转过头来研究官僚制的否定方面。训练造成的无能指的是这样一种状态：一个人的能力不适当地起作用或在其活动方面存在着盲点。7. A Theory of Human Motivation The basic nee
16、ds of human are physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs in order. And human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency . That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more prepotent need .(p95)人的基本需要依次为生理需要、安全需要、爱的需要、尊敬需要和自我实现的需要。人的需要本身按照强烈程度梯状排列。
