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1、Chapter 1 Management and Organizations1、Manager：管理者Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals .管理者是这样的人，他通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的。2、First-line managers :基层管理者 Managers at the lowest level of the organizati
2、on who manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who are involved With the production or the organizations products是管理着非管理人员所从事的生产和提供组织产品的工作，是最低层的管理者3、Middle managers :中层管理者Mangers between the first-line level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers处于基层和高层之间
3、，管理着基层管理者。4、Top manager :高层管理者Managers at or near the top level of the organization who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.处于或接近组织顶层，承担着制定广泛的组织决策,为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。5、Management :管理The coordinating work activit
4、ies so that they are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people管理是一个通过协调工作活动以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织目标。6、Efficiency : 效率 Getting the most output from the least amount of inputs referred to as “doing right things”是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产品，“通常指正确的做事“，即不浪费资源。7、Effectiveness :效果Comp
5、leting activities so that organizational goals are attained referred to as “doing the right things”通常指“做正确的事“，即所从事的工作和活动有利于组织达到目标。8、Planning : 计划Management function that involves the process of defining goals ,establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and c
6、oordinate activities包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的职能。9、Organizing : 组织Management function that involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them. How the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to them, and where decisions are to made.指决定应该从事那些任务，应该有谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向
7、谁报告，以及在哪一级做处决策的职能。10、Leading : 领导 Management function that involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, selecting the most effective communication channels or dealing in any way with employee behavior issues.指激励下属，影响工作中的个体或团队，选择最有效的沟通渠道，或者以任何方式处理雇员的行为问题的职能。11、Cont
8、rolling: 控制Management function that involves monitoring actual performance ,comparing actual to standard, and taking action, if necessary.指监控、评估工作实际绩效并与预先设定的目标进行比较，如果出现偏差，着采取措施使工作绩效回到正常的工作轨道上来的职能。12、Management process: 管理过程The set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which managers engage as
9、they plan ,organize, lead, and control.指一组进行中的决策和工作活动，在这个过程中管理者从事计划、组织、领导和控制。13、Management roles: 管理角色 Specific categories of managerial behavior指特定的管理行为类型14、Interpersonal roles: 人际关系角色 Managerial roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature.包含了人与人（下级和组织外的人），
10、以及其他具有礼仪性和象征性的职责。15、Informational roles: 信息传递角色 Managerial roles that involve receiving, collecting, and disseminating Information.包括接受、收集和传播信息。16、Decisional roles: 决策制定角色 Managerial roles that revolve around making choices.是作出抉择的活动。17、Technical skills: 技术技能 Knowledge of and proficiency in a special
11、ized field.指熟悉和精通某种特定专业领域的知识。18、Human skills: 人际技能 The ability to work well with other people individually and in a group.知道如何与员工沟通，如何激励。引导和鼓舞员工的热情和信心，使员工做出最大的努力。19、Conceptual skills: 概念技能 The ability to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations是管理者对复杂和抽象的情况进行概念化的技能。20、organiz
12、ation: 组织 A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.是一种实体，他具有明确的目的，包含人员和成员以及具有某中精细的结构。21、universality of management: 管理的普遍性 The reality that management is need in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational level, in all organizational areas, and in organ
13、izations in all countries around the globe.是指无论组织规模的大小，无论在组织的哪一个层次上，无论组织的工作领域是什么，无论这个组织位于哪一个国家，这个组织都需要管理。 Chapter 2: Management Yesterday and Today 1、Division of labor : 劳动分工The breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.即将工作分解为狭隘的重复性的任务。2、Industrial revolution: The advent of machine power m
14、ass production , and efficient transportation.产业革命：机器动力的出现而带来的产量的增加及运输效率的提高。3、Scientific management: 科学管理 The use of scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done.运用科学方法确定从事工作的“最佳方式”。4、Therbligs：分类体系 A classification scheme for labeling 17 basic hand motions.一个分析了17种手的动作（如抓取
15、，持握等）的体系。5、General administrative theorists: 一般行政管理理论Writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice.笔者发展出了关于管理者做什么，以及什么构成了良好的管理实践的更一般的理论。6、Principles of management : 管理原则Fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.管理的一些基本原则， 他们能够在学院里教授这些原则，并可用于所有的组织情景。7、Bureaucracy: 官僚行政组织 A form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy , detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.这是一种组织形式，其特征依据劳动分工原则，具有
