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1、The debate over spanking goes back many years, but the essential question often evades discussion: does spanking actually work? In the short term, yes. You can correct immediate misbehavior with a slap or two on the rear-end or hand. But what about the long-term impact? Can spanking lead to permanen
2、t, hidden scars on children years later?关于打孩子的讨论可以追溯到好多年前，但最本质的问题往往为讨论所回避：打孩子实际上奏效吗？短期来看，是的。你能拍打一两下屁股或者手掌来立即更正孩子们的不守规矩。但长期影响呢？打孩子会在多年后给他们留下永久性的心结么？ On Friday, a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper at the International Conference on Violence, Abuse and T
3、rauma, in San Diego, suggesting that corporal punishment does leave a long-lasting mark in the form of lower IQ. Straus, who is 83 and has been studying corporal punishment since 1969, found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who werent the more ch
4、ildren were spanked, the lower their IQ and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entire nations. Among 32 countries Straus studied, in those where spanking was accepted, the average IQ of the survey population was lower than in nations where spanking was rare, th
5、e researcher says.在周五，一位来自新罕普什尔大学的社会学家默里施特劳斯在圣地亚哥的国际会议上就暴力，虐待和精神创伤发表了一篇论文演说，表示提法确实会留下长久的烙印表现为低下的智商。今年已经83岁的施特劳斯从1969年便开始研究体罚，发现被体罚的孩子在智商得分上比没有被体罚的孩子低了多达5点孩子被打得越多，智商越低这种情况不仅发生在个别孩子身上，而是遍及整个国家。在施特劳斯所研究的32个国家当中，在体罚可以被接受的国家，接受调查人口的平均智商要比体罚罕见的国家的要低，研究者如是说。 In the U.S., Straus and his colleague Mallie Pas
6、chall of the Pacific Institute for Research and uation, looked at 1,510 children 806 kids ages 2 to 4, and 704 ages 5 to 9 and found that roughly three-quarters had endured some kind of corporal punishment in the previous two weeks, according to interviews with the mothers. Researchers measured the
7、childrens IQ initially, then again four years later. Those kids who hadnt been spanked in the initial survey period scored significantly better on intelligence and achievement tests than those who had been hit. Among the 2-to-4-year-olds, the difference in IQ was five points; among the older kids, t
8、here was a 2.8-point gap. That association held after taking into account parental education, income and other environmental factors, says Straus.在美国，施特劳斯和他来自太平洋研究与评估学会的同事玛丽帕斯卡尔调查了1510个孩子806名2到4岁，704名5到9岁根据对妈妈们的访问，发现大概四分之三的孩子在最近两周内经受了某种体罚。研究者们测试了孩子们最初的智商，4年之后再测了一次。那些没有被打的孩子在智力和成就的首段测试中的得分明显高于那些被打的孩子
9、。在2到4岁年龄组中，智力差距是5点；在稍大的年龄组中，差距是2.8点。这种联系是在考虑了父母的教育，收入和其他环境因素的情况下建立的，施特劳斯说道。 So how might getting spanked on the butt actually affect the workings of the brain? Straus notes that being spanked or hit is associated with fright and stress; kids who experience that kind of trauma have a harder time focu
10、sing and learning. In another recent paper that he coauthored with Paschall, Straus writes that previous research has found that even after you control for parental education and occupation, children of parents who use corporal punishment are less likely than other kids to graduate from college.那么为什
11、么打在屁股上会实际影响了脑子的运转呢？施特劳斯提到，拍或打是与惊恐和逼迫相联系的；有过那类经历的孩子会更难集中精神和学习知识。在最近另一篇他与帕斯卡尔共同执笔的文章中，施特劳斯写到先前的研究发现即使抛去父母的教育和职业，那些家长会动用体罚的孩子比起其他孩子会更难从大学毕业。 Still, its not clear if spanking causes lower cognitive ability or if lower cognitive ability might somehow lead to more spanking. Its quite possible that kids wi
12、th poor reasoning skills misbehave more often and therefore elicit harsher punishment. It could be that lower IQ causes parents to get exasperated and hit more, Straus says, although he notes that a recent Duke Universtiy study of low-income families found that toddlers low mental ability did not pr
13、edict an increase in spanking. (The study did find, however, that kids who were spanked at age 1 displayed more aggressive behavior by age 2, and scored lower on cognitive development tests by age 3.) I believe the relationship between corporal punishment and IQ is probably bidirectional, says Strau
14、s. There has to be something the kid is doing thats wrong that leads to corporal punishment. The problem is, when the parent does that, it seems to have counterproductive results to cognitive ability in the long term.然而，我们并不清楚到底是体罚造成了低下的认知能力还是低下的认知能力导致了更多的体罚。很有可能感知能力差的孩子更多地犯错从而引来更严厉的惩罚。“有可能低下的智商会激怒父
15、母从而打得更多，”施特劳斯说道，纵然他提到最近一份杜克大学关于低收入家庭的研究，发现学前儿童较低的心智能力不会意味着较多的体罚。（然而该研究发现在1岁时候被体罚的孩子在2岁时会做出更多攻击性的行为，并在3岁参加认知发展测试得分更低。）“我认为这种体罚和智商之间的关系是双向性的，”施特劳斯说。“孩子们肯定会做一些能导致体罚的错事。现在问题是，父母打完之后在长期看来似乎会对认知能力产生反作用。” One problem with Straus data is that some of the parents who tended to spank may also have been engagi
16、ng in actual physical abuse of their children. Researchers define corporal punishment as physical force intended to cause pain but not injury for the purpose of correcting a childs behavior, not simply hurting him. Studies have shown that very few parents who use corporal punishment also beat their kids, but Straus cant rule out the possibility that his data is confounded by the presence of child abuse, which past research ha
