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1、-初中英语阅读讲义. z.-. z.-第一部分:阅读理解第一节：题型概说阅读理解是考查学生通过阅读短文获取信息、解决问题的能力，是上海市中考试题的“重中之重”。初中学业考试要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告和广告等，主要考查学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力及对阅读策略的掌握情况。即：主要考查以下几种阅读的微技能：（1）理解主旨和要义； （主旨大意题） （2）理解所读材料的具体信息； （细节理解题） （3）根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词或词组的含义；（猜测词义题） （4）做出简单的判断和推理； （推理判断题） （5）理解文段中各句子之间的逻辑关系； （推理判断题）
2、 （6）理解作者的意图和态度。 （推理判断题第二节：策略指导一、主旨大意题。主旨大意题主要考查学生对文章的整体把握及理解程度，一般要求学生通读全文后再作答。1.提问方式：(1) The passage is mainly about _.(2) The writer wants to tell us_. (3) The main idea of the passage is_.(4) Which is the best title of the passage(5) What do we learn from the te*t 2.解题技巧：（1）先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类
3、别和提问方式。（2）再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨。寻找文章主旨大意的方法有如下几种：找主题句：A.首尾段，首尾句。B.首段出现疑问句或设问句时，对该问题的解答就是主旨大意。C.段落中出现转折句时，该句很可能是主题句。找反复出现的单词找重复出现同一意思的词，即作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨。这类题目需要对文章有整体性的把握，建议最后做。3. 例题分析1主题句定位法：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。主题句呈现的方式：例题(1)开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。In modern society ther
4、e is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social(社交的)progress and prosperity(幸运; 顺利). Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship(关系, 联系)between people.题目：What d
5、oes this passage mainly talk about.A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary e*perience in competition.例题(2)藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾On the Internet, we can read news at h
6、ome and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send s or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on
7、the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.题目：Whats the main idea of the passage.A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an
8、important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.例题(3)首尾呼应式：在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They
9、 invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal isThere are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse gam
10、es on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.题目：The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canad
11、a例题(4)抛砖引玉式：文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural（不自然的, 反常的） environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair and respectful（尊重他人的）.Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos
12、remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (栖息地). Zoos claim (声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty.Actually, we will save
13、 endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.题目： What does the author try to argue(表明) in the passage.A.Zoos are not worth the public support.B.Zoos
14、 fail in their attempt to save animals.C.Zoos should treat animals as human beings.D.Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.例题(5) 藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows e*actly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade (贸易), 商业in cities grew rapidly, people in citie
