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1、考研考博-考博英语-燕山大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer. What causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth? We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of lead in
2、 the atmosphere, of staying up late on the night before an examination.Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we r
3、eason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reaso
4、n through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights outpower offrefrigerator not workingtemperature will risemilk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause
5、of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enoug
6、h to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.1. What the author discuss
7、ed in the previous section is most probably about _.2. According to the passage, to do the “effect to effect” reasoning is to reason _.3. A necessary cause is _.4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a _.5. This passage m
8、ainly discusses _.问题1选项A.some other common types of reasoningB.some special type of reasoningC.relationships between causes and resultsD.classification of reasoning问题2选项A.from effect to effect and onto causeB.from effect to cause and onto another effectC.from cause to effectD.from effect to cause问题3
9、选项A.one that is enough to make the effect occurB.one of the cause that can produce the effectC.one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurD.none of them问题4选项A.contributory causeB.sufficient causeC.necessary causeD.none of them问题5选项A.classification of causesB.the causal processC.causal
10、 reasoningD.various types of reasoning【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），可知前面的内容和这一部分的内容属于同一个层面和分类，都是常见的推理方式，A选项“一些其他的常见推理类型”正确。B选项“某种特殊类型的推理”，C选项“原因和结果的关系”和D选项“推理的分类”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。
11、2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三句Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect.（有时我们从一个结果推理到一个原因，然后再推理到另一个结果。）和第五句This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect.（这种推理，简而言之，叫做效果对效果。），可知效果对效果指的是B选项“从结果到原因，再到另一个结果”。A选项“从结果到结果，再到原因”，C选项“从原因到结果”和D选项“从结果到原因”错误。因此B选项
12、正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知C选项“没有它就不可能产生解结果”正确。A选项“足以产生结果”，B选项“能导致结果的原因之一”和D选项“都不是”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二句A s
13、ufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enough to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause.（充分原因是一个可以在没有帮助的情况下产生效果的原因，就像一个空的油箱足以阻止汽车发动一样，尽管可能有不止一个充分的原因。），可知充分原因会导致结果的发生，但不是唯一的原因，电源被切断会导致冰箱停止运转，但其他原因也会让冰箱停止运转，B选项“充分原因”正确。
14、A选项“附带原因，原因之一”：根据文章最后一句A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.（附带原因有助于导致结果，但单独出现不能导致结果，就像闯红灯可能会导致事故，尽管其他因素也必须存在。），可知附带原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能导致结果的发生，电源被切断这一
15、个因素会导致冰箱停止运转的结果，故错误。C选项“必要原因”：根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，电源没有被切断冰箱依然有可能停止运转，故错误。D选项“都不是”：B选项符合题意，故非正确答案。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），随后文章围绕这一句话展开讨论，所以本文主要在讲因果的推理，C选项“因果推理”正确。A选项“原因的分类”，B选项“因果过程”和D选项“各种类型的推理”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题He was completely _ by her story of hardship.问题1选项A.taken awayB.tak
