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1、附录二 英文文献与翻译英文文献13D interconnected macroporous carbon monoliths preparedby ultrasonic irradiationNattaporn Tonanon , Adisak Siyasukh , Yunyong Wareenin ,Tawatchai Charinpanitkul , Wiwut Tanthapanichakoon , Hirotomo Nishihara ,Shin R. Mukai , Hajime TamonAbstract：A new method in preparation of 3D inte
2、rconnected macroporous carbon monolith has been introduced. Ultrasonic irradiation(ultrasonic intensity 78 W/cm2) and low catalyst concentration (C/W = 10 mol/m3) of RF solution are used as an interesting and unique preparation method for 3D interconnected macroporous sonogel (gel irradiated by ultr
3、asound at gelation stage) and/or3D interconnected macroporous carbon monolith without using templates.Keywords: Porous carbon; Pyrolysis; Adsorption; Scanning electron microscopy; PorosityMacroporous monolith is an interesting structure that has interconnected skeletons in a single column, and this
4、unique structure allows flow paths (throughpores)through the monolithic columns . Carbon monolith has high potential to be good candidates for applications such as columns for chromatography, catalyst supports, adsorbents and porous electrodes under continuous flow conditions. Macroporous carbon mon
5、oliths are mostly prepared by using carbon precursors and macroscopic shape templates . In general, macroscopic shape templates are interconnected skeleton such as silica template, zeolite, stable emulsions, polymer latex and the interstitial volume of other porous structures. Carbon precursors are
6、polymeric materials or precursor of polymeric materials such as sucrose, some thermoplastics, phenolic resin, copolymerization of resorcinol Fe(II) complex and other thermosettings. There are some reports on macroporous carbon aerogels prepared by using metal catalyst or acid catalyst. In this work,
7、 a new method in preparation of 3D interconnected macroporous carbon monolith has been introduced. In general, ultrasonic irradiation has outstanding effects in many chemical reactions such as increasing reaction rates and yields of products, shortening reaction time, altering the reaction path and
8、making milder reaction conditions possible. An interesting role of ultrasonic irradiation on mesoporous properties of RF carbon gel when the ratio of catalyst to water C/W or pH is high was also reported 10. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on the work of ultrasonic ir
9、radiation (ultrasonic intensity 78W/cm2) together with low catalyst concentration (C/W = 10 mol/m3) of RF solution as an interestingand unique preparation method for 3D interconnected macroporous sonogel (gel irradiated by ultrasound at gelation stage) and/or carbon monoliths without usingtemplates.
10、Macroporous sonogel monolith, precursors for macroporous carbon monolith, were prepared from resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) solutions which were composed of resorcinol (C6H4(OH)2) (R), formaldehyde (HCHO) (F), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (C) and distilled water (W). All chemicals were research gradesfro
11、m Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Na2CO3 and distilled water were used as a basic catalyst and a diluent respectively. The ratios of resorcinol to formaldehyde (R/F), resorcinol to water (R/W) and catalyst to water (C/W) were fixed at 0.5 mol/mol, 8100 mol/m3 and 10 mol/m3 respectively. Gelation temp
12、erature was 308 K. Ultrasonic wave was applied into RF solution right from the start by Vibra Cell model VC 130 (frequency 20 kHz) with a titanium alloy transducer at intensity 78 W/cm2. When it was close to the gelation time, the ultrasonic irradiation was stopped and the RF solution was then poure
13、d into the cylindrical glass tube (inner diameter = 3 mm, length = 40 mm) followed by aging for 7 days at 348 K in the oven. Before freeze drying, water in RF sonogel monolith was replaced by solvent exchange with t-butanol for three times. After that, RF sonogels were freeze-dried at 263 K for 3 h
14、toobtain freeze dried macroporous RF sonogel monolith. Macroporous carbon sonogel monoliths were obtained by pyrolyzing macroporous RF sonogel monoliths at 1023 K. Pyrolysis was conducted under a 200 cm3STP/min flow of nitrogen gas. At first, the freezedried sonogels were heated to 523 K at a consta
15、nt heating rate of 523 K/h, and were kept at this temperature for 2 h.Then they were heated to 1023 K at a constant heating rate of 523 K/h and were kept at 1023 K for 4 h.The structures of RF gel and RF sonogel monoliths were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Macropore size distributio
16、n was measured by using mercury porosimeter. Porous properties, BET surface area (SBET), mesopore volume (Vmes) and micropore volume (Vmic), were determined from the N2 adsorption method using an adsorption apparatus.The effect of ultrasonic irradiation at gelation stage can be seen as followed. In gelation process, gelation time is shortened outstandingly with ultrasonic irradiation. Gelation time obviously decreases from 48 h (RF gel monolith) to 8 h (R
