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1、2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题When we drove along, we saw heavy wisps of smoke from factory chimneys（ ）up into the air.问题1选项A.ascendingB.fluctuatingC.spiralingD.charging【答案】A【解析】ascend up into.为固定搭配，表示“上升，升向”。这里指烟囱里的烟升向天空，选项A正确。2. 单选题After hydrogen, helium is the second most abundant elemen
2、t in the universe. But how do astronomers know that? It might seem that the philosopher Auguste Comte was on solid ground when he stated in 1844 that, because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition. Yet only a few years later chemists discovered that under the
3、 proper circumstances every element emits a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you. By analyzing the light coming from stars, astronomers have been able to identify the different chemical elements in the stars and in cosmic space, as w
4、ell as their relative quantities. It is an interesting historical note that helium was actually found on the sun, in 1868, before it was found on earth, in the 1890s. (The name helium comes from the Greek world hellos, meaning “sun”)The central principle of chemistry is that all matter is composed o
5、f atoms. These atoms emit the colors of light that characterize each element. Each atom consists of a nucleus, or positively charged core, and around this nucleus are electrons, which are negatively charged particles. The characteristic light emitted by an atom gives us information about the arrange
6、ment of electrons about the atomic nucleus. This arrangement determines the chemical properties of the atom.The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of its atoms. The atomic number is a fundamental property, because it also equals the number of electrons around
7、the nucleus in the normal (electrically neutral) atom, and these electrons determine the atoms chemical properties. The periodic table of the elements (that is, their arrangement into the rows and columns based on their chemical and physical properties) is a result of the way the electrons are arran
8、ged in the atoms, and this arrangement or structure depends on the number of electrons and thus on the atomic structure.1.In this passage, fundamental means（ ）.2.The authors purpose in this passage is to（ ）.3.Auguste Comte said that we could never know the composition of the stars because they are（
9、）.4.According to the passage, a central principle of chemistry is that（ ）.5.The tone of this passage can best be described as（ ）.6.The organizational pattern of the first paragraph of this passage is（ ）.7.The author explains the characteristic pattern of color emitted by each element by comparing th
10、is pattern to（ ） .问题1选项A.firstB.heavyC.basicD.early问题2选项A.persuadeB.informC.entertainD.tell a story问题3选项A.moving away from usB.very far awayC.very hotD.made of helium问题4选项A.different atoms emit different color of lightB.the sun contains heliumC.the atomic number is a fundamental propertyD.all matter
11、 is composed of atoms问题5选项A.objectiveB.poeticC.hostileD.opinionated问题6选项A.chronological orderB.spatial orderC.definitionD.example illustration问题7选项A.the scales of a fishB.the feathers of a birdC.a footprintD.a fingerprint.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.词汇题。根据原文可知“fundamental property”指
12、基本性质，fundamental意为“基础的，基本的”，basic也表示“基本的”。所以选项C正确。2.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是从客观公正的角度描述事实，讲述化学物质氦的构成及其性质，所以选项B正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段第三句“because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition.”由于星星距离遥远，我们永远无法知道它们的化学成分。选项B符合原文。4.根据第二段第一句“The central principle of chemistry is that
13、all matter is composed of atoms.”化学的核心原则是所有的物质都是由原子构成的。选项D符合原文。5.观点态度题。根据原文可知，本文主要是从客观公正的角度描述事实，所以作者的态度是客观的，选项A正确。6.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，本段是用举例说明的方法来介绍氦元素的发现过程，所以选项D正确。chronological order时间顺序；spatial order空间顺序；definition下定义；example illustration举例说明。7.细节事实题。根据第一段第四句“under the proper circumstances every e
14、lement emits a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you.”在适当的情况下，每一种元素都会发出一种特定的光的颜色组合来识别它，就像你的指纹可以识别你一样。由此可知，作者是将光和指纹进行对比，选项D正确。3. 单选题Most staff in this office did not like the manageress, for she was known to be sly, selfish and（ ）.问题1选
15、项A.manifestedB.manipulativeC.conscientiousD.controversial【答案】B【解析】manifested显然的；manipulative操纵的；conscientious认真的；controversial有争议的。根据句意可知, 填空处应填入和sly,selfish意思相近的贬义词, 所以选项B更符合语境。4. 单选题They stood at the top of the mountain and viewed the beautiful （ ） .问题1选项A.lapseB.landscapeC.layoutD.locality【答案】B【解析】lapse小错, 过失；landscape风景；layout布局, 设计；locality地点, 位置。句意：他们站在山顶欣赏美丽的风景。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题Polio has been so effectively suppressed by vaccinati
